Conflict Repeats Itself - 739 Words

Teachers gathering up to protest against the Kent School District that then creates a strike. School days are getting canceled and a major issue arises. Conflicts are happening everywhere in the world, and most of them are things that happen over and over again, therefore history does repeat itself in regards to conflict. Different rulers (or people) from different time periods may have the same reasoning and opinions so they handle conflicts the same way, same types of conflicts which involve country fighting a country happen all across the world no matter the time period and people all over the world have went against the government. All of these things support why history does repeat itself when talking about conflict. First off, similar types of conflicts happen across the world against different countries. In the Newsela article Talks are tense as Biden meets Chinese leaders in Beijing amid dispute we learned about the war between China and Japan, their disagreement over the own ership of the islands in the East China Sea. Then in this article Ukraine crisis: Putin signs Russia-Crimea treaty it shows part of the issue between Ukraine and Russia fighting over Crimea. Here you can see two similar conflicts between two different countries fighting over one piece of land that isn’t officially under the ownership of one county. The conflicted countries both claim that that land that they are fighting for is theirs. This type of conflict happens thought the course ofShow MoreRelatedMany Conflicts in History718 Words   |  3 PagesWhy does such deadly and horrifying conflict occur? Throughout history, conflict has repeated itself in many ways. Conflict has come from similar reasons from the past. Having similar technology or just picking another fight in the first place can also cause conflict. Sometimes conflict will occur from similar reasons, which may happen in repetition. In the text of â€Å"North Dakota’s oil boom gives birth to new breed of migrant worker† (Newsela), a man named Andrew Klefstad goes to work in North DakotaRead MoreWe Didn  ´ T Start The Fire1321 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in these events mentioned in the song. His generation is blamed for all the conflicts that occurred in those forty years, when in reality, those conflicts have roots many generations in the past. He portrays the positive and negative effects his generation had in the world. In the positive side, they had advances in science and many cultural events. In the other hand, they were involved in dozens of conflicts all around the world that left misery and death. He emphasizes that many of the problemsRead MoreFinancial Events Of The Great Depression Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagescrash of 1929 and the start of the Great Depression. However, the crash of 1987 ha ppened quickly and returned to normal quickly. Despite all of the lessons learned from the Depression era, we cannot be completely confident that history will not repeat itself. Perhaps this disastrous era is speaking to us today with our unstable economy, high unemployment and failing banks. An examination of the legislation that was put into place during the Great Depression and how it has progressed or declined mayRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poem There s A Certain Slant Of Light1147 Words   |  5 Pagesoff with another religious reference, which hints at the idea that the speaker not only battles with the meaning behind the light but as well as their religious beliefs. The oxymoron â€Å"Heavenly hurt, it gives us — â€Å" realizes the speaker’s internal conflict onto the page. The use of first person here could also signify that the speaker knows that many people face the same issue and the end-stop gives the reader time to ponder on the issue. O nce again, the use of first person emphasizes that â€Å"We canRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s The Battle Of Gettysburg984 Words   |  4 Pagespoints across, is the use of repetition. One of these words that Lincoln repeats multiple times is, we. Lincoln is leading a nation that is on the brink of tearing itself apart. One of his biggest notions, is the idea that America needs to fight in unity to solve this hospitable conflict, rather than choosing sides. The word we immediately conjures up a picture of togetherness, rather than separation. The fact that Lincoln repeats the word simply implies that he thoroughly believes that if America cannotRead MoreCommon Causes of War and Genocide Essay example1271 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon in our planet’s history and even more so in Africa. Genocide and war share many common causes such as desperation brought on by a declining economy. Experts on the Central African Republic believe that current events point to a possible repeat of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, in which over one million people were killed. Many think that U.N. involvement is necessary to stop the escalating violence in the Central African Republic; others believe that the dismal track record of the U.N. inRead MoreMarcus Garvey : The Universal Negro Improvement Association ( Unia )868 Words   |  4 Pageseverywhere, so that humanity may change its tactics, and warn them of the danger, I repeat: I warn the white world against the prejudice they are practicing against Negros†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.33, pp.6) Garvey also emphasized the good in every race, and asked them to deliver and expand his words throughout the world, so they too were ready for the upcoming battle. He was asking for a change, a positive reaction, where a conflict wouldn’t be necessary, as if he was placing fear in the other races that wouldn’t treatRead MoreEternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind By Charles Kaufman937 Words   |  4 Pagesex-girlfriend Clementine fr om his mind, only to regret the decision once the procedure begins taking effect. The conflict Joel deals with in regretting his decision over the procedure and the connections between destiny, memories of attraction are key to the story’s theme: Without memories however painful the potential from someone to learn from mistakes is removed leaving them destined to repeat patterns instilled by attraction. The turmoil Joel goes through while regretting his decision to have ClementineRead MoreA Synopsis of Six Characters in Search of an Author1163 Words   |  5 Pages Enduring Conflict in Six Characters in Search of an Author Pirandello’s Six Characters in Search of an Author is an existentially absurdist metatheatrical play that details the trials and tribulations of a family that is lost in time and forced to relive the most horrific moments of their lives until they can find an author willing to write an ending to their story. The Characters’ dynamic is not that dissimilar from any other family’s game plan when it comes to conflict, which Bernard MayerRead MoreOver Extensive Narrative Verse, D.H. Lawrence’S Poem, â€Å"Snake†926 Words   |  4 Pagescaesuras and end stops evenly and slowly pace the poem’s lines, paralleling a reflective experience. The voice deliberately internalizes his visual perceptions from external reality. The speaker’s voices â€Å"in him† and voices â€Å"of his education† then conflict him, interrupting and discrediting his natural experience. These voices rouse conditioned fear and aggression towards the snake. He feels â€Å"truly afraid, most afraid† of it, yet â€Å"honoured still more† experiencing nature’s immediacy. Taunting the speaker

Top College Essay Samples for Admission Choices

Top College Essay Samples for Admission Choices New Step by Step Roadmap for College Essay Samples for Admission Your final result needs to be your thesis statement. Possessing a very clear and structured plan is the foundation for any excellent bit of writing, and a college essay is not any different. If string theory is truly true, then the full world is composed of strings, and I cannot tie a single one. For a beginning, the typical application essay topics need you to use language that's totally free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. One of the most difficult elements of college life is finances. The topical outline about the overall discussion of the subject region of social work is a simple supply of topics for essays on social work since it is structured in a manner that it's simple for students to locate and select certain topics. As soon as you own a topic, it's best to make an outline of ideas. After you think you have selected a topic, keep researchi ng on it to be able to narrow it down and find a notion of what you're going to write about. If you don't, it's possible to actually hurt your odds of admission. If you're going to write college admission essay by yourself then don't neglect the suitable structure of the paper. It is crucial to avoid writing on what you feel the admission committee would like to hear. It is very important to capture the interest of the admission tutors irrespective of how strict they may appear to be. Choosing College Essay Samples for Admission Since you know what it should say, it's simple to trick yourself into believing the essay says something it doesn't. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Although you must be creative when writing your essay, resist the temptation to acquire creative with the facts. 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The Australian organization with the Effective Implementation

Questions: 1. Identify and critically analyse and discuss the communication challenges that a leader would expect to encounter in relation to the cultural diversity of many Australian organisations. (you also need to give example of any australian organisation in term of how they face communication challanges) 2. Critically discuss how leaders can address the ethical issues related to the cultural diversity in many Australian organisations.( you also need to give exmaple of any ethical issues faced by australian organisation.) 3. Identify, synthesise and critically discuss an optimal mix of leadership styles/behaviours which would be aligned with managing culturally diverse workplaces; these should be sufficiently flexible, and able to be appropriately adopted in Australian organisations.(you also need to provide one example based on leadership style/behaviour in any australian organisation.). Answers: Introduction: Australia is known for its diverse cultural workforce. The organizational behavior and culture are equally important regarding organizational success. It helps the organization to enhance and maintain the communications within the workplace which helps in further development of the business as a whole. However, culture varies at the workplace and thus it may sometimes lead to conflicts. The rise of issues and conflicts also led to degradation of the communication and ethics which affects the work culture as a whole. Moreover, the organizational behavior is utmost important as the business emerges more towards the multigenerational and diverse culture (Hersey Blanchard, 2012). The workforce may sometimes also get influenced through diverse labour power which needs the implementation of organizational behavior within the organization. Organizational behavior also helps in the improvement of the team work and thus helps the organization to gain the competitive advantage in the market. Organizational behavior also led the leadership which further led the organization towards the strategic business objectives. Thus, it helps the business to gain the competitive advantage which helps in the improvement of the communication as well between the employees within the workplace. Organizational Behavior also gets influenced by separate personalities of an employee which further affects the productivity of the business. The Virgin Australia Airlines has been operating in Australia since last few years and for achieving the success ladder, the organization has also adopted changes and implemented strategies towards the operating environment (McShane Von Glinow, 2012). Virgin Australia is rapidly growing and thus leading as the second domestic carrier in Australia. Thus, Virgin Australia maintains a strategic tool to maintain an organizational behavior within the workplace and thus helps in motivating more employees within the business as a whole. The motivational factor al so helps the organization to provide the best service towards the customers and thus increases the profit margin of the organization. This further adds value to the organization and helps in gaining sustainability as well in the competitive market. Communication Challenges: Management within an organization implements strategic tools to develop culturally diverse workplace within Virgin Australian Airlines. The leaders within the organization face several challenges to managing the diverse workforce. Thus, the organization needs to face certain challenges that include: Diversity in culture Virgin Australia Airlines is facing certain issues regarding the diversity in culture within the workplace. The diverse cultural people primarily try to carry out their own norms and take things in their things only at the right way. This led to the dispute among the team members as they consider their individual norms and culture to be universally valued. This led to miscommunication between the management and thus affected the organizational diverse culture (Fox et al., 2012). The misunderstanding thus affects the organizational culture and also helps in improving the work culture as well. Nationality Identity The nationality identity within the workplace affects the effectiveness of communication. Different nationality means the varied cultures and languages. Varied cultures led to varied thought process and personalities which stand as a challenge for the leaders within Virgin Australia Airlines to manage the workforces as a whole. The national identity also led to carry forward individual sentiments and norms which may sometimes affect the effective communication within the workplace (Boiral Paill, 2012). This also led towards losing the employee motivation as well. The regional differences led to the cultural gaps as well which further affects the culture of the organization and thus includes as a challenge for the management towards the employees within the business. Ethnicity Identity Ethnicity identity also contributes to a major proportion of the communication challenges. The ethnic identity creates a gap between the people which led to further miscommunication in the organization. The miscommunication also led to the misunderstanding of information which creates a gap for the management as well in the organization (Easterby et al., 2012). The ethnicity needs to be taken into the serious note to improve the transparency in communication between the management within the organization. The ethnicity sometimes also may refer to the common religion, culture and history which also prove to stand as a challenge for the communication towards leaders in managing the diverse culture within the organization. The ethnicity also helps the employees to improve the individual identity and helps the organization towards the development in the present trending scenario. Language Language is also regarded as the most vital part in improving the communication skill in the organization. The language is a common bridge between the employees and the management which help the organization to evaluate and analyze the issues within the workplace and helps in improving the organization as a whole. The Language also sometimes proves to be a solution for any misunderstanding or conflicts within the organization (Vaccaro et al., 2012). In critical situations, languages may stand as a constraint for the employees with Virgin Australia Airlines. The same word may prove to be sometimes different meanings which also affect the productivity of the employee within the workplace. However, at times misunderstanding is also created due to people of varied cultures communicate with different languages which seek to need help by translated tool. This results in cost affectivity and thus affects the communication skills of employees within the business (Bouhafs et al., 20 12). Thus, to improve the intercultural communication the language need to be taken into serious account towards organizational success. Community Community also proves to be the challenge for the business to sustain in the market. The community also proves to be varied regarding socio-political and social cultural activities which also affect the communication and transparency within Virgin Australia Airlines as a whole. The active role and responsibilities of communication are to shape the personalities of the employees and thus help in improving the organizational behavior as well. The community also helps in improving the knowledge among the employees of the organization and helps in improving the social interaction process as well. Thus, it helps the organization more towards the ladder of success and improves the communication factor as well. Thus, it also helps in the sustainability of the organization in the market (Eslami Gharakhani, 2012). The communication thus proves to be beneficial for the organization to achieve the objectives and success which helps in influencing more customers towards the business. The business thus faces several challenges regarding communication which need to be improved to gain more customers towards the organizational service as well. The communication challenge stands as a constraint for business in the present trending market (Bratton Gold, 2012). Ethical issues: Development of business globalisation and improved economic interdependency Virgin Australia Airlines face certain challenges in the workplace to manage the diverse workforce altogether. The dynamic and competitive market also stands as a challenge for Virgin Australia Airlines to compete in the present marketing trend (Caroline Martins Meyer, 2012). Ethics is considered as attitudes or personality of individual within workplace towards colleagues, management and the organization as a whole. The organizational success also depends on the implementation of effective strategy by the leaders of the business as well. Thus, the various factors that influence the ethical issues within the organization include: Leadership and commitment Leadership and commitment play an important role in controlling the ethical management within the organization. The top management within Virgin Australia Airlines is responsible for the maintaining the ethics within the business and thus provides effective organizational behavior within the business as a whole. Code of Conduct The lack of written conduct affects the productivity and efficiency of the organization as the employees decide their rightful action as per their choice which hinders the skills of an organization in the market (Sita Nirmala Kumaraswamy Chitale, 2012). The leaders of Virgin Australia Airlines need to implement t effective strategy which helps the business to bind the employees with rules and regulations and helps the business to increase the growth rate of the company. Thus, the ethical conduct helps the leaders within the business to manage the diverse workforce and helps in the profitability of the organization in the market. Miscommunication Miscommunication led towards the failure of ethical communication within the organization. This also leads towards the disputes within the workplace which affect the workforce towards improved productivity as well. The absence of transparency between the management and the employees led towards disrupting the environment and thus lowers the rate of profitability of the organization in the market. Communication thus adds value towards the organizational success and development (Ting-Toomey Chung, 2012). The leader within Virgin Australia Airlines creates a transparent communication to improve and develop a health relation between the management and the employee as a whole. The organization thus improves the communication skill and helps the organization towards sustainability in the market. Trust Leaders within Virgin Australia Airlines implements the effective strategy to gain the trust of loyal employees within the organization and helps in the growth of the company as well. The trust is regarded as an important factor for the improvement of the workforce in the organization (Macnamara Zerfass, 2012). Trust is considered to be important for transformational leadership which adds value towards the organizational success as a whole. Fostering of trust management and abolishing of abusive practice led the business towards increasing the quality of production. The trust management also helps in retaining the employees more towards the organization and helps in the development of the company in the trending market. Training The training program helps the business to improve the skills of the employees within the workplace and thus help the leaders and the management to handle diverse cultures as well. The training also helps the management to improve the thought process of the varied employees which help to manage the diverse culture as well. The training program also helps in the development of the rate of productivity that further led Virgin Australia Airlines to gain sustainability in the trending market. The training thus helps the organization to improve the workplace condition and thus help in retaining employees more towards the workplace (Hersey Blanchard, 2012). Reward and Recognition The reward and recognition of the employee help to led Virgin Australia Airlines towards success ladder. The recognition system also helps to influence the employees and act as motivating factors towards the business (Eagly et al., 2012). The Leaders and the management within the organization also need to keep up their commitment to gain positive outcome of the ethical environment and helps in gaining competitive advantage as well. The ethical system also helps in balancing the workforce and the managerial issue towards organizational success. The ethics management helps in the organizational success and also helps in the improvement of the employee relations as well in the business (Day Antonakis, 2012). The employee relations thus improve the work culture and increase in the quality of the production of the business as a whole. This helps the organization in achieving the aims and thus also helps in managing the diverse culture as well. The leaders and the management within the organization thus implement effective strategies and manage the ethical issues within the organization as a whole. Appropriate leadership models/styles: The Australian organization Virgin Australia Airlines thus implements various effective strategies that help in the development of the organizational structure and also helps in the effective organizational behavior in the organization as a whole. The leadership styles thus include: Traditional Styles: Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership within Virgin Australia Airlines helps the employees to create a transparency with the management which help the organization to gain more loyal employees towards the organizational success (Lam et al., 2012). The Autocratic leadership also helps the organization to bind the employees with certain riles that might also help the business to gain sustainability with increased quality of production within the business. Democratic Leadership Democratic leadership helps the business to share the organizational profitability and responsibility. It also helps the organization towards the seeking advice from the subordinates a well which further helps to motivate and encourage more employees within the organization as a whole. This helps the organization to satisfy the employees which further results in customer satisfaction as well. This also helps in the expansion of the market (Wilson, 2013). Laissez Faire Leadership The Laissez Faire Leadership style is popularly known as the hands off style which helps in providing help and guiding the employees within the organization. The employees under this leadership can enjoy a freedom of right within the workplace which helps in leading the organization towards gaining competitive advantage (Chaudhry Javed, 2012). This style of leadership also influences the employees within the workplace to determine their own objective which helps to increase the rate and quality of production of the business in the competitive market. However, the managers find it easy to manage the diverse culture of Virgin Australia Airlines through motivating more employees towards the organizational success and thus add value towards the organizational brand as a whole. Modern Style of Leadership: Transformational Leadership The transformational leadership helps the business to grow the passion and enthusiasm of the employees within the business and helps in the development of the organization. This model also helps the organization towards achieving the am and vision of the organization which helps in improving the work culture of the business as a whole. Transformational strategy or leadership helps Virgin Australia Airlines towards achieving the passionate people more towards the organization and also helps in the development of the organization as a whole. This helps the organization also towards the success in the competitive market and helps in gaining sustainability in the trending market as well. The transformational leadership also helps in influencing the thought process and beliefs and ideologies of the employee which further help the management and the leaders to manage the diverse culture in the organization (Lowell, 2012). The transfo rmational leadership also helps in improving the skills of the employees which further helps in increasing the rate of profitability of the organization as a whole. It also helps to inspire employees more towards the organization and helps to achieve their individual success which consequently will contribute towards the organizational success. The Transformational leadership style also helps in formulation and designing of projects that helps in changing the working environment and also helps in undertaking risk analysis as well. Charismatic Leadership - Charismatic Leadership helps Virgin Australia Airlines to satisfy the need of the employees within the organization and helps in the improvement of the productivity of the organization (Gerber et al., 2012). The leaders with the implementation of the effective leadership help the organization to gain respect and trust and also analyze the risk factor as well. The diverse culture within the business gets help by the leadership style to analyze the various moods of the varied culture people operating within the workplace. The leadership style helps the organization in implementing the effective strategy that helps to improve the skills and performance of the employee which further helps in improving the organizational behavior within the business. The values of the charismatic leadership help in changing the workforce and helps in managing the dispute as well at the time of crisis. The charismatic leadership helps in the alteration of the organization which hel ps the business towards success rate in the competitive market. Transactional leadership The diverse cultured organization need to manage tactfully to retain its position along with the employee satisfaction as a whole. The Transactional leadership provides responsibilities to the employees within the business as per the benefits and salaries provided to the employees (Snell, 2013). The employee needs to complete the task assigned to them as per the requirement. Thus, this style of leadership helps Virgin Australia Airlines to gain more employees within the organization and also help in improving and increasing the rate of productivity of the business in the competitive market. Participative Leadership The participative style helps Virgin Australia Airlines to involve the employees within the workplace to take the necessary decision regarding the prevailing issues within the business. The leadership style also helps in involving the stakeholders, superiors and peer groups in decision making and led the business more towards improving the organizational behavior in comparison to the trending market (Rue et al., 2012). Servant Leadership The Servant leadership style helps the leaders of the business to held responsibilities towards employees within the organization as well. The leadership style is responsible enough to carry out the organization towards improvement and also help the employee develop individually within the business (Thiel et al., 2012). This leadership model is a natural tool towards the organization success. However, the style of leadership is pretty based on an assumption that might be changed by the employee or the leader as per the need of Virgin Australia Airlines. Visionary Leadership Style The visionary leadership style helps the business to improve the performance of the employee and thus led the business towards gaining competitive advantage. The leaders with an implementation of this style of leadership help in managing the diverse culture and further increase the profitability rate of the organization as a whole. This also helps the company towards the improvement of the employee performance and helps in the organizational success (Snell, 2013). This leadership style helps the employee within the business to face their challenges courageously and helps in the sustainability of the company in the trending market. Conclusion: The Australian organization with the effective implementation of the various strategies helps the company to gain competitive advantage. The organization with the effective implementation of the strategies help Virgin Australia Airlines to motivate more employees within the workplace and also helps in gaining loyal employees within the organization. The organization also with the improved quality of production gains customer satisfaction as well towards the organizational service as well. Thus, the implementation of various effective leadership style and approaches helps the business to manage the diverse culture within the workplace. The effective strategy regarding the communication skill also helps to develop a transparent, communicative bridge towards the management and the employees and help to avoid any dispute within the workplace. This helps the company towards increasing the productivity and profitability of the company as well in the market. The effective implementation of the ethical management also helps the organization towards managing the workforce. It also helps in managing the varied ideologies and thoughts of the employees which further help a leader to manage the diverse culture within the organization as a whole. This also helps the organization to gain competitive advantage and thus help in gaining sustainability in the competitive market. Reference List: Boiral, O., Paill, P. (2012). Organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: Measurement and validation.Journal of business ethics,109(4), 431-445. Bouhafs, F., Mackay, M., Merabti, M. (2012). Links to the future: Communication requirements and challenges in the smart grid.Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE,10(1), 24-32. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Caroline Martins, E., Meyer, H. W. (2012). Organizational and behavioral factors that influence knowledge retention.Journal of Knowledge Management,16(1), 77-96. Chaudhry, A. Q., Javed, H. (2012). Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Day, D. V., Antonakis, J. (2012).The nature of leadership. Sage. Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men.Psychological bulletin,129(4), 569. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. R. (2012).Management research. Sage. Eslami, J., Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction.ARPN Journal of Science and Technology,2(2), 85-91. Fox, S., Spector, P. E., Goh, A., Bruursema, K., Kessler, S. R. (2012). The deviant citizen: Measuring potential positive relations between counterproductive work behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,85(1), 199-220. Gerber, P. D., Nel, P. S., Van Dyk, P. S. (2012).Human resources management. Southern Book Publishers. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (2012). Leadership style: Attitudes and behaviors. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (2012).Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Lam, C. S., O'Higgins, E. R. (2012). Enhancing employee outcomes: The interrelated influences of managers' emotional intelligence and leadership style.Leadership and Organization Development Journal,33(2), 149-174. Lowell, J. (2012). Managers and moral dissonance: Self justification as a big threat to ethical management?.Journal of business ethics,105(1), 17-25. Macnamara, J., Zerfass, A. (2012). Social media communication in organizations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy, and management.International Journal of Strategic Communication,6(4), 287-308. McShane, S., Von Glinow, M. (2012).Organizational behavior. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rue, L., Byars, L., Ibrahim, N. (2012).Management: Skills Application. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Sita Nirmala Kumaraswamy, K., Chitale, C. M. (2012). Collaborative knowledge sharing strategy to enhance organizational learning.Journal of Management Development,31(3), 308-322. Snell, R. S. (2013). Developing skills for ethical management. Thiel, C. E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J. F., Mumford, M. D. (2012). Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), 49-64. Ting-Toomey, S., Chung, L. C. (2012).Understanding intercultural communication. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Vaccaro, I. G., Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., Volberda, H. W. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 28-51. Wilson, F. M. (2013).Organizational behaviour and work: a critical introduction. Oxford University Press.

Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essay Example

Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essay How can intelligence be tested? Critically evaluate the underlying assumptions of intelligence tests. Intelligence is a very controversial. It is seen as an obsession in daily life and focuses on certain types of intelligence. Francis Galton was the first person to design a mental test. Galton believed that an individuals mental ability could be determined through the deviation of their performance on a simple test to the mean. He believed that the greater a persons sensory perception the more intelligence they had. However, Galton never produced a theory about intelligence testing, but paved the way for other psychologists to produce theories and tests.Spearmans (1904) theory suggested that intelligence was an innate, inherited quality. He suggested that there were two main factors that determined a persons intelligence; these were general intelligence, needed to perform all tasks and specific intelligence, which is needed to perform specific tasks .i.e., most people can drink out of some sort of cup, this needs general intelligence, however, not all people can sing in tune, this is specific intelligence.Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (Simon and Binet, 1905) produced the first form of modern intelligence testing in 1905. We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The test had a practical purpose and was used to identify children who may need extra help with their school work. Due to the purpose of the test, the exercises Binet and Simon asked the children to complete were very similar to tasks the children completed within schools, i.e. measures of vocabulary, comprehension of facts and relationships and mathematical and verbal reasoning.The Binet Simon test was later modified and extended by Lewis Terman and his associates at Stanford University where it was translated for use in the United States (Terman 1916, Terman and Merrill, 1937). The test became known as the Stanford-Binet test and is still being used referred to as Intelligence Quotient; (I.Q). the I.Q. score was calculated by comparing the childs chronological age, (which means their age is years and months), with their mental age (which refers to the childs ability to solve problems of certain levels.) i.e if a child could answer questions designed for 8 year olds, but not them designed for 9 year olds, the child would have a mental age of 8.The I.Q test that is now most commonly used is know n as the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children, or the WISC. The most frequently used test used by psychologists is the third revision of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales known as the WISC-III. David Wechsler originally developed the test, which was series of ten different problems that ranged from very easy to extremely difficult; these ten problems were also divided into two subgroups.The verbal scale that involved tasks measuring vocabulary, understanding of similarities between objects and general knowledge. The other subgroup was the performance scale, which involved non-verbal tasks such as arranging pictures in to orders, or copying patterns using coloured blocks. Many psychologists find that this definition of verbal and non-verbal tasks helpful as different between the two skills can identify particular kinds of learning difficulties, i.e. dyslexia.However, ever since the I.Q tests were introduced there have been criticisms about them. Before 1937, the mean score of wom en using the Stanford-Binet test was on average ten points lower than the average score for men. Although at first it was generally suggested that this was because women were not as intelligent as men, it was later suggested that the questions were more directed towards male dominated areas of questioning than women, for example relating questions in terms of cars, card games, mechanics, etc. which at the time was made oriented. Therefore, it was decided to eliminate this discrepancy by modifying the questions to ensure that both males and females would archive around the same average score.According to Heather, (1976) this makes the test less efficient because there may be a natural difference between the intelligence levels of men and women through out different points of history, however, by using the new these differences may not be picked up. For example if the I.Q scores were not created to produce approximately the same scores for both males and females we may be able to see why females are currently doing better academically than males.Therefore, this could limit the efficiency of I.Q testing through either historically suggesting that women were inferior to men through their lower I.Q. scores, or through influencing the tests to create equal results for both males and females. It is difficult to say whether the tests were gender bias or whether the psychologists behind the changes to the tests did this to provide unbiased results through positive discrimination towards women.Another criticism of the I.Q. tests that there is an average 10-15 point difference between the White European average and the Afro- Caribbean average, (Brody, (1992) Fagan Singer (1983) Peoples, Fagan Drotar, 1995); (Neisser et al 1996) Heather, (1976) suggests that this difference can be reduced through changing the questions to suit a more mixed ethnic group of participants. However, it was suggested that this would affect the tests Predictive Validity. By changing the tests to reduce the racial differences, but without changing the social inequalities within our society would only create a more ineffective test. In order to reduce the ethnic I.Q. score difference, society must first change their attitudes towards other cultures, especially within education/ training and jobs.How ever, Jensen, (1969) published an article called How much can we boost I.Q. and schooling achievement? within which he made a controversial suggestion that Genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average negro-white intelligence differences. The preponderance of the evidence is, in my opinion, less consistent with a strictly environmental hypothesis than with a genetic hypothesisOther psychologists including Eysenck (1971) and Herrnstein (1971) agree with Jensn. Jensen suggests that 80% of the difference between blacks and whites is due to the blacks genetic inferiority and 20% due to environmental factors. However, Jensen does not have the biological evidence to back up his claim; he also used a bias sample to carry out his study that was a mainly white population.

ESL Lesson Plan for Paired Conjunctions

ESL Lesson Plan for Paired Conjunctions Paired conjunctions are often used in both spoken and written English to make a point, give an explanation, or discuss alternatives. Unfortunately, not only are they difficult to use, but their structure is also rather strict. For this reason, this lesson is a straight forward, ​teacher-centered, grammar lesson focusing on written and oral production of the target structure. Aim: Grammar focus on the use of paired conjunctionsActivity: Teacher introduction followed by sentence completion, construction and, finally, oral drill workLevel: Upper-intermediate Outline Introduce paired conjunctions by asking students to give reasons for some simple event. Take two of the suggestions and construct target structure sentences using paired conjunctions. For example: Either John has stayed at home or he has been held up in traffic.Explain the structure of the paired conjunctions: both...and; not only...but also; either...or; neither...norDistribute worksheets and ask students to match the sentence parts to match both columns to make complete sentences.Ask students to complete the second exercise by combining the ideas to make one complete sentence using one of the paired conjunctions.Focus on oral production skills by asking paired conjunction questions on the separate teacher sheet. Paired Conjunctions Match the sentence halves to make a complete sentence. Sentence Half A: Both PeterNot only do we want to goEither Jack will have to work more hoursThat story wasStudents who do well not only study hardIn the end, he had to chooseSometimes it isI would love to take Sentence Half B: but we have enough money.neither true nor realistic.not only wise to listen to your parents but also interesting.and I are coming next week.either his career or his hobby.both my laptop and my cell phone on holiday.but also use their instincts if they do not know the answer.or we will have to hire somebody new. Combine the following sentences into one sentence using paired conjunctions: both ... and; not only ... but also; either ... or; neither ... nor We could fly. We could go by train.She will have to study hard. She will have to concentrate to do well on the exam.Jack is not here. Tom is in another city.The speaker will not confirm the story. The speaker will not deny the story.Pneumonia is a dangerous disease. Small pox is a dangerous illness.Fred loves traveling. Jane wants to go around the world.It might rain tomorrow. It might snow tomorrow.Playing tennis is good for your heart. Jogging is good for your health. To the teacher: Read the following aloud and have students use paired conjunctions to respond. Example: You know Peter. Do you know Bill? Student: I know both Peter and Jack. You like tennis. Do you like golf?You dont know Jane. Do you know Jack?You are studying Math. Are you studying English?You need to work on the weekend. Do you need to work in the evening?You dont eat fish. Do you eat beef?I know your country has good universities. Does England have good universities?He collects money. Does he collect stamps?They havent visited Rome. Have they visited Paris? Follow up with a paired conjunction quiz.

Biography of Amiri Baraka

Biography of Amiri Baraka Amiri Baraka (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934–January 9, 2014) was an award-winning playwright, poet, critic, educator, and activist. He played an influential role in the Black Arts Movement and served as poet laureate of his native New Jersey. His career spanned decades, though his legacy is not without controversy. Fast Facts: Amiri Baraka Occupation: Writer, playwright, poet, activistAlso Known As: Leroi Jones, Imamu Amear BarakaBorn: October 7, 1934 in Newark, New JerseyDied: January 9, 2014 in Newark, New JerseyParents: Colt Leverette Jones and Anna Lois Russ JonesEducation: Rutgers University, Howard UniversityKey Publications: Dutchman, Blues People: Negro Music in White America, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri BarakaSpouse(s): Hettie Jones, Amina BarakaChildren: Ras Baraka, Kellie Jones, Lisa Jones, Shani Baraka, Amiri Baraka Jr., Obalaji Baraka, Ahi Baraka, Maria Jones, Dominique DiPrimaNotable Quote: â€Å"Art is whatever makes you proud to be human. Early Years Amiri Baraka was born in Newark, New Jersey to postal supervisor Colt Leverette Jones and social worker Anna Lois Jones. Growing up, Baraka played the drums, piano, and trumpet, and enjoyed poetry and jazz. He especially admired the musician Miles Davis. Baraka attended Barringer High School and won a scholarship to Rutgers University in 1951. A year later, he transferred to the historically black Howard University, where he studied subjects like philosophy and religion. At Howard, he began using the name LeRoi James but would later revert to his birth name, Jones. Expelled before graduating from Howard, Jones signed up for the US Air Force, which dishonorably discharged him after three years when communist writings were found in his possession. Although he became a sergeant in the Air Force, Baraka found military service troubling. He called the experience â€Å"racist, degrading, and intellectually paralyzing.† But his time in the Air Force ultimately deepened his interest in poetry. He worked at the base library while stationed in Puerto Rico, which allowed him to devote himself to reading. He took a particular liking to the works of the Beat poets and began writing his own poetry. After his discharge from the Air Force, he lived in Manhattan, taking classes at Columbia University and The New School for Social Research. He also became involved in Greenwich Village’s art scene and got to know poets such as Allen Ginsberg, Frank O’Hara, Gilbert Sorrentino, and Charles Olson. Marriage and Poetry As his interest in poetry deepened, Baraka met Hettie Cohen, a white Jewish woman who shared his passion for writing. The interracial couple married in 1958 against the wishes of Cohens Parents, who cried at the news of the union. Together, the couple started Totem Press, which featured the writings of beat poets like Allen Ginsberg; they also launched Yugen literary magazine. Baraka edited and wrote criticism for the literary journal Kulchur as well. While married to Cohen, with whom he had two daughters, Baraka began a romantic relationship with another woman writer, Diane di Prima. They edited a magazine called The Floating Bear and started the New York Poets Theater, along with others, in 1961. That year, Baraka’s first poetry book, Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, debuted. During this period, the writer became increasingly political. A trip to Cuba in 1960 led him to believe that he should use his art to fight oppression, so Baraka began to embrace black nationalism and support Cuban president Fidel Castro’s regime. In addition, his complicated personal life took a turn when he and Diane di Prima had a daughter, Dominique, in 1962.  The next year saw the release of Baraka’s book Blues People: Negro Music in White America. In 1965, Baraka and Cohen divorced. A New Identity Using the name LeRoi Jones, Baraka wrote the play Dutchman, which premiered in 1964. The play chronicles a violent encounter between a white woman and a black man on the New York subway. It won the Obie Award for Best American Play and was later adapted for film. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X led Baraka to leave the mostly white Beat scene and move to the predominantly black neighborhood of Harlem. There, he opened the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School, which became a haven for black artists such as Sun Ra and Sonia Sanchez, and led other black artists to open similar venues. The rise of black-run art venues led to a movement known as the Black Arts Movement. He also criticized the Civil Rights Movement for embracing nonviolence and suggested in works such as his 1965 poem â€Å"Black Art that violence was necessary to create a black world. Inspired by Malcolm’s death, he also penned the work A Poem for Black Hearts in 1965 and the novel The System of Dante’s Hell the same year. In 1967, he released the short-story collection Tales. Blackness and the use of violence to achieve liberation both factor into these works. Baraka’s newfound militancy played a role in his divorce from his white wife, according to her memoir How I Became Hettie Jones. Baraka himself admitted as much in his 1980 Village Voice essay, â€Å"Confessions of a Former Anti-Semite. (He denied choosing the title for the essay.) He wrote, â€Å"As a Black man married to a white woman, I began to feel estranged from her †¦ How could someone be married to the enemy? Barakas second wife, Sylvia Robinson, later known as Amina Baraka, was a black woman. They had a Yoruba marriage ceremony in 1967, the year Baraka published the poetry collection Black Magic. A year earlier, he published Home: Social Essays. With Amina, Baraka returned to his native Newark, where they opened a theater and residence for artists called the Spirit House. He also headed to Los Angeles to meet with scholar and activist Ron Karenga (or Maulana Karenga), founder of the Kwanzaa holiday, which aims to reconnect black Americans to their African heritage. Instead of using the name LeRoi Jones, the poet took the name Imamu Amear Baraka. Imamu is a title meaning spiritual leader in Swahili, Amear means prince, and Baraka essentially means a divine blessing.† He ultimately went by Amiri Baraka. In 1968, Baraka co-edited Black Fire: An Anthology of Afro-American Writing and his play Home on the Range was staged to benefit the Black Panther party. He also chaired the Committee for Unified Newark, founded and chaired  the Congress of African People, and was a chief organizer of the National Black Political Convention. By the 1970s, Baraka began to champion the liberation of â€Å"third-world† peoples across the globe rather than black nationalism. He embraced a Marxist-Leninist philosophy and became a lecturer in 1979 in the Africana studies department of the State University of New York, Stony Brook, where he later became a professor. He was also a visiting professor at Columbia University and Rutgers University and taught at the New School, San Francisco State, University of Buffalo, and George Washington University. In 1984, Baraka’s memoir, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, was published. He went on to win the American Book Award in 1989 and the Langston Hughes Award. In 1998, he landed a role in the feature film Bulworth, starring  Warren Beatty. Later Years In 2002, Baraka received another honor when he became New Jersey’s poet laureate. But an anti-Semitism scandal ultimately drove him from the role. The controversy stemmed from a poem he wrote after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks called â€Å"Somebody Blew Up America?† In the poem, Baraka suggested that Israel had advanced warning of the attacks on the World Trade Center. The poem includes the lines: Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosionAnd cracking they sides at the notion†¦Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombedWho told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin TowersTo stay home that day Baraka said that the poem wasn’t anti-Semitic because it referenced Israel rather than Jews as a whole. The Anti-Defamation League argued that Baraka’s words were indeed anti-Semitic. The poet served as New Jersey’s poet laureate at the time, and then-Gov. Jim McGreevey attempted to oust him from the role. McGreevey (who would later resign as governor for unrelated reasons) couldn’t legally force Baraka to step down, so the state senate passed legislation to abolish the post altogether. When the law took effect on July 2, 2003, Baraka was no longer poet laureate. Death On Jan. 9, 2014, Amiri Baraka died at Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, where he had been a patient since December. Upon his death, Baraka had written more than 50 books in a wide range  of genres. His funeral took place Jan. 18 at Newark Symphony Hall. Sources Amiri Baraka 1934-2014. Poetry Foundation.Fox, Margalit. Amiri Baraka, Polarizing Poet and Playwright, Dies at 79. New York Times, 9 January, 2014. Amiri Baraka. Poets.org.

Gender and Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gender and Work - Essay Example been expected to find work and earn for the livelihood of the family, and the women have stayed home, bearing children, caring for the immediate needs of the family. From the 1950s onwards, new trends were observed as women have been prompted by financial constraints to find work and also help sustain family needs. Such trends grew to more significant proportions, to the current trends which have now been observed in society. Men and women are now equally expected to find work, have careers, or simply work for themselves, not necessarily for their families. Regardless of the seeming egalitarian situation such work conditions have created, issues on discrimination have still been observed. Moreover, such issues have also been very much apparent as far as leadership or managerial positions are concerned. The male: female ratio for managers in organizations very much favours more men occupying leadership roles. However, organizations are often quick to dismiss such trend, arguing that t he difference is mainly caused by the fact that men are more interested in gaining managerial roles, and that women can have as much chance to be leaders much as men. This argumentative essay shall analyse the issue or contention that: Women are being discriminated in the workplace in relation to leadership or managerial roles and positions. This essay shall first provide facts relating to statistical figures on women versus male leadership ratio in organizations. Next, it shall argue on one hand how women are still being discriminated against for leadership roles. A different perspective on the argument will also be presented. Also, both sides of the argument will be considered in order to indicate a logical and well-evidenced position on the issue. A conclusion will summarize the arguments and provide a clear and logical answer to the issue raised. A reflective analysis will also provide a personal perspective on the issue. Although women are already making up a huge proportion of

Business Paper (1750 words) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Paper (1750 words) - Essay Example This helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice by equipping them with practical skills (Lowden, 2011). How then did the LIAISE business simulation provide me with an opportunity to develop my business strategy skills, marketing skills, financial management skills, team effectiveness as well as the acquisition of graduate employability attributes which make me a preferable candidate to work as a marketing manager in your Electronic Company? A business strategy is defined as a means through which businesses set out to accomplish their set objectives by carefully allocating resources in different departments. The choice and execution of a business strategy depends on its core business and the scope of its operations (Johnson et al, 2005). For example, the LIAISE business simulation’s scope was to source products from suppliers and then market them to the customers with a view of attaining a huge market share with high income customer base through brand expansion and increasing supply routes from various manufacturers. During this simulation programme, I learnt that there are several types of business strategies that can be pursued by businesses to achieve their goals. One of the most sought strategy that is applicable in LIAISE business simulation is growth. When a business is interested in expanding its operation to achieve a greater market share, there is need to allocate time, money and human resources for development of new products, venturing into markets, as well as investing in new businesses. Competitive advantage is also a vital business strategy as it ensures that a business is able to survive its rivals, not by copying their products, brands and strategies, but by effectively competing with them. A business can attain competitive advantage by selling products at relatively lower price than the competitors (Gary et al, 2008). However, this strategy requires that the business grow to a certain margin so that the company can enjoy

Hamlet - Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Shakespeare Essay Hamlet is a moral avenger in a corrupt and unjust world. He is the only person who questions the moral atmosphere of Denmark but is driven to act irritationally because of the distress placed on him by the world. Hamlet struggles with his duty to his father, his disillusionment with himself, his revenge on Claudius, his mother’s sudden remarriage, the purpose of the ghost and the corrupt nature of Denmark. By not informing the audience of the intentions of the ghost, Shakespeare keeps them engaged by creating disillusionment through Hamlet’s struggle for the truth. Furthermore, Shakespeare continues to engage audiences by presenting ideas of duty and corruption which are shown largely through the characterization of Hamlet. Hamlet struggles with his thoughts and feelings. The degree to which his alienation and melancholy signalled in his behaviour varies from production to production due to his father’s death. ‘O that this too too solid flesh would melt, thaw and resolve itself into a dew, or that the everlasting had not fixed his canon ’gainst self-slaughter. O God, God, how weary, stale, flat and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world! (Act 1 Scene 2). This quotation is Hamlet’s first soliloquy which signifies his first thoughts about suicide and how the world seems â€Å"weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable†. It conveys that he sees the world as a neglected garden grown foul. It also uses extended metaphor to articulate his strong desire to rest in peace. In other words, Hamlet finds suicide a desirable alternative to life in a painful world but this option is closed to him because it is forbidden by religion. Hamlet exposes the range of his depression: weariness, despair, grief, anger, nausea, loathing and disgust, resignation. The importance of this soliloquy lies in its establishing of Hamlet’s personality and revealing his mental condition. It presents Hamlet’s struggle for life and the disillusionment he feels towards the world. Through this, the audience therefore gain a closer relationship with Hamlet, and are absorbed by him because they are able to resonate with his circumstances, as he is faced with enduring truths of the human condition. Hamlet’s disillusionment with himself is largely driven by the disgust towards his mother’s sudden remarriage. In Act 1 Scene 2, Hamlet is dressed in black, signifying grief for his dead father. His appearance contrasts strikingly with the costumes and attitudes of the courtiers celebrating the wedding of Claudius and Gertrude. In this soliloquy, Hamlet describes his intense disgust at his mother’s second marriage to his despised uncle so soon after his father’s death. ‘Hyperion to a Satyr†¦those shoes were old with which she following my poor father’s body’ (Act 1 Scene 2). He describes the haste of their marriage through irony, noting that the shoes his mother wore to his father’s funeral were not worn out before her marriage to Claudius. The technique metaphor and juxtaposition are used to recall his dead father as infinitely superior to Claudius (his father was â€Å"so excellent a king†, a â€Å"Hyperion† which is the sun god; while Claudius is a bestial â€Å"satyr†, a lecherous creature, half-man, half-goat). He recalls how tenderly and protectively his father loved his mother, and how passionately she loved him. Hamlet condemns the marriage and struggle to accept that his mother betrayed his father but sorrowfully vows silence. Here, the audience is engaged through a deep understanding of Hamlet’s emotional feelings and the circumstances of betrayal in a relationship. Hamlet’s struggle for the truth of the Ghost’s intentions engages audiences with many possible interpretations that follow. In Act 1 Scene 4, Hamlet’s meditation on human nature is interrupted by the appearance of the Ghost. He sees it as ‘a questionable shape’, and the question it poses for him will haunt him for much of the play: is it good or evil? Hamlet’s uncertainty whether the Ghost is an agent of God or the Devil is expressed in three vivid antitheses and three rhetorical questions: â€Å"Be thou a spirit of health, or goblin damned, bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, by thy intents wicked or charitable†¦say, why is this? Wherefore? What should we do? † (Act 1 Scene 4). The Ghost claims he is the spirit of Hamlet’s father and orders him to revenge his murder. In Shakespeare’s time, revenge was forbidden by state and Church alike. The Church considered revenge as a sin for which the revenger’s soul was damned, condemning him to suffer everlasting torments after death. Therefore, the Ghost is seen by audiences as a devilish spirit sent to tempt Hamlet into an action that will result in his suffering for eternity. Here, audiences are engaged through Shakespeare’s dramatic treatment of Hamlet’s struggle for the truth and his disillusionment with the Ghost. Hamlet is hungry for revenge, but unsure if he knows the truth. His thoughts, emotions, and desire for action struggle with each other. In the soliloquy of Act 4 Scene 4, triggered by Fortinbra’s ruthlessness, Hamlet begins to realise his excessive over-thinking. It dawns upon him that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. ‘Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th’event†¦I do not know why yet I live to say this thing’s to do, sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means to do’t’. Due to his delays in action, Hamlet criticizes himself as a coward, with insults in the soliloquy ‘O what rogue and peasant slave am I! why, what am I! ’ (Act 2 Scene 2). Hamlet is self-abusive in his expressions and shows deep depression through the comparison of himself to the lowest and most worthless thing he can think of. Hamlet himself is more prone to â€Å"apprehension† than to â€Å"action†, which is why he delays so long before seeking his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet’s struggle to take action builds the climax throughout the play and keeps audiences engaged with the many questions and interpretations that follow from his indecisive and uncertainties to bring action upon his duty to his father. Hamlet is polarised due to his disillusionment with the corrupt state of Denmark. Denmark is frequently described as a physical body made ill by the moral corruption of Claudius and Gertrude, and many observers interpret the presence of the ghost as a supernatural omen indicating that ‘something is rotten in the state of Denmark’ (Act 1 Scene 4). This personification indicates that King Claudius is what is â€Å"rotten† in Denmark. The line spoken by Marcellus help create the sense of corruption that will grow increasingly throughout the play. He expresses disgust at the physical corruption that follows death in the metaphor ‘Imperious Caesar, dead and turned to clay,/ might stop a hole, to keep the wind away’ (Act 4 Scene 1). As Hamlet surveys the rather pathetic remains of Yorik, he realizes that even a praised man like Caesar has by now become a bit of clay that may be used to patch a lowly farmhouse wall. Like the body of a king going through the guts of a beggar, as part of the naturalness of the cycle of death, he presents the idea that the body of man is part of the earth and goes back to earth. Hamlet becomes especially concerned with the meaning of existence in addition to that of those around him, and he finds it difficult to reason what may become of him after his worldly life. He questions whether man’s spirit is important and after all, does the legacy people leave behind really matter when they’re dead? Consequently, Hamlet hesitates to take action upon his revenge on Claudius and struggles to find an answer to the questions he consistently asks himself. Here, audiences are presented a rather detached view of events that continues to engage them through the dramatic treatment of struggle and disillusionment of Hamlet. In conclusion, it is clear that Hamlet’s life contains many minor problems that make up the big problem. The Ghost of his father appearing to him is what began Hamlet’s morality and excessive thought. Thus, melancholia causes Hamlet a lot of grief and struggle to remain alive in this ambiguous world. Hamlet questions his own nobility, and deciding that he must die to be noble is a contributing factor in Hamlet’s lack of haste in murdering Claudius. Further, the internal struggle between contemplation and action, as well as the struggle to accept human mortality itself represents the audiences’ own struggle to comprehend the nature of tragedy. His struggle with uncertainty and the conflict that emerges between fate and freewill have a universal relevance as they continue to be key existential concerns, which strike a chord with contemporary audiences.

A Pharmacist :: essays research papers

A Pharmacist Being a pharmacist is much harder than what you probably thought it was. Pharmacists in a hospital have many, many responsibilities. They must be very careful that they have measured the medication correctly, because one little mistake can be potentially fatal. Pharmacists must know what many of the medications do, and if there are any side effects and incompatibilities with other medications the patient might be on. For example, a person might be taking a medication for another problem, and if the physician and pharmacist don't notice that condition, the prescribed medication might cause a deadly interaction. This does not happen with all drugs, but it happens with a few, and you certainly don't want a result like that. The pharmacist must also make sure that the patient does not have any allergies against that type of medication. Pharmacists should also know generic brands of medication that might save the patient's money. They must know any differences between the brand name and the generic name, such as drug interactions, side effects, and how it should be taken. Some responsibilities of the pharmacist include making intravenous solutions and operating the TPN, which takes intravenous solutions and adds vitamins such as amino acids. They also refill storage bins in the Emergency Room, where doctors can get them if a patient needs them immediately. Charles Rudolph Walgreen Sr. Is the founder of Walgreens. When he was twenty, he borrowed twenty dollars, and moved from Dixon, Illinois to Chicago. Throughout pharmacy school, he worked for pharmacies in the day and went to school at night. When the United States went to War with Spain in 1898, Walgreen was enlisted as a private. There were many diseases in Cuba, and Walgreen fell sick. The doctor was so sure that Walgreen was going to die, that he put Walgreen's name on the casualty list, and newspapers told of his death! When Walgreen returned from the war, he worked as a pharmacist for a man by the name of Isaac W. Blood. He later bought out Blood's pharmacy. Customer service was very important to Walgreen. Often, he would answer the phone himself, then tell the delivery boy what the prescription was and where to deliver it. He would converse with the customer, so that usually the prescription would come before the customer had hung up the phone. In 1909, he purchased one of the busiest pharmacies in Chicago with a partner,

How Much Land Does a Man Need Essay

Realism, as the word implies, deals with reality as its subject, that is, putting emphasis on what is happening in the real world, rather than stressing emotions as a source of aesthetic experience. In literature, it often focuses on moral or ethical choices such that it gives emphasis on the actions by the characters rather than the actual plot of the story. Characters are also portrayed with motive, more often than not, in relation to the view of their social class. In realism, sensational and dramatic elements that are often found in naturalism and romances are avoided. The short stories â€Å"The Bet† and â€Å"How Much Land Does a Man Need? † are examples of literature in the style of realism which focuses on the ethical choices of the characters in relation to their social class. â€Å"The Bet† focuses on the materiality of the world. It gave contrasts to the materialistic world view of the banker, and the simplicity of the young man in the story. Although the question at the beginning is whether or not the death penalty is worse than life imprisonment, the story has not given an answer to it (it was not its intention to answer this anyway), but rather, it presented views of morality. It altogether despises materiality. The young man at the end of the story proclaimed: â€Å"It is all worthless, fleeting, illusory, and deceptive, like a mirage†¦ I marvel at you who exchange heaven for earth. I don’t want to understand you† (Chekrov). Like â€Å"The Bet,† â€Å"How Much Land Does a Man Need? † criticizes the human sense of materiality. The story, however, shifts its focus on greed. It differs with â€Å"The Bet† in the sense that while â€Å"How Much Land Does a Man Need? † does not necessarily condemn acquiring material possession in this world, it presented a question of how much of this material possession does man really need. Pahom, the main character in the story, was given the opportunity to acquire land of his own, but was overcome by greed many times throughout the story. In the end, this greed was the cause of his death. The moral of the story is that man should only take what is necessary for living, nothing in excess. The story also implies that man cannot take in death what man possess in life. Works Cited Chekrov, Anton. â€Å"The Bet† Tolstoy, Leo. â€Å"How Much Land Does a Man Need†

Realism and the Future of World Politics Essay

First and foremost it is important to remember that state interest or state preference operates in an anarchic environment. The international system is inherently unstable and is aptly characterized by widespread anarchy. Due to the absence of a suprastate or overarching Leviathan authority, states are placed in inevitable and perpetual competition, described as the security dilemma. This has been evidenced by the state of European affairs since 1789. Because of the anarchic nature of international affairs, states are perpetually concerned with their survival. For realists, the international system is a â€Å"dog-eat-dog world† and ensuring survival is paramount for any and all states. According to Hans Morgenthau, pioneering German political scientist and an early proponent of realist thought, due to the inherent instability of the international system, the fundamental national interest of all states is to â€Å"protect [its] physical, political, and cultural identity against encroachments by other nations† (Morgenthau, 1952). Specifically, threats to states are determined by their relative power vis-a-vis one others in the international system. The structure of the system – the distribution of power and capabilities state wide – is important because threats or challenges facing a state which affront the national interest should be â€Å"calculated according to the situation in which the state finds itself† (Waltz, 1979). Thus, power and security requirements are paramount in attempting to define state interest and what motivates states to act. Furthermore, Power and wealth supply the means for states to survive, to meet their security requirements, and thus to continue to compete in a system in which other states are necessarily either actual or potential threats. State officials ad policy analysts are therefore advised realistically to asses the distribution of power; they should overcome their ‘aversion to seeing problems of international politics as they are’ in order to objectively asses the national interest in light of the distribution of power. Every state, that is, must pursue its national interest â€Å"defined in terms of power† (Morgenthau 1952) because this is the surest road to security and survival (Weldes, 1999). If we apply the realist conception of states power and apply it to the future of the international world, conflict over resources and war will be a defining feature of the international system. Europe has been plagued by conflict since the late 18th century and despite global interdependence and the existence of multilateral organizations in the form of the UN and the European Union, there is little evidence to suggest that armed conflict is not the future of international affairs. Nationalism, a concept created in Europe, has been responsible for much armed conflict over the past three centuries. Nationalism in International Affairs Nationalism is an important force in international relations and has been so for centuries. As a basic principle of the international order, concepts of state sovereignty are intrinsic to our understanding of the world system. Accordingly, the international system is predicated upon the existence of nation-states and nationalism is a belief or sense of identity within the nation. The Treaty of Westphalia established the principle of state sovereignty, another fundamental principle of the international order which established the nation-state as an autonomous political entity. Similar to tribalism or a sense of social kinship, nationalism as a potent political force began in Europe in the late eightieth century and was connected with a decline in overall religiosity, the development of industrialization, Enlightenment thoughts and a concerted effort by political elites to â€Å"build states†. By inculcating a sense of nationalist fervor in the citizens of their respective countries, elites have been able to manipulate nationalism for political purposes. Mass mobilization towards a variety of specific causes through an appeal to nationalist sentiment has been used as a political tool for centuries. Although not exclusively a negative force, nationalism remains an important ordering principle of the international system and a force to be reckoned with (Waltz 2000). Concluding Remarks Keeping in mind our realist conception of state interest, conflict will be an inevitable feature of the international system in the next 50 years. Europe has descended into bloodshed and armed conflict and has been the feature of the European continent for centuries. When global war broke out in 1914 dreams of world peace and prosperity were shattered. Accordingly, the First World War was arguably one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of international affairs. Geopolitically speaking, the First World War (also described as WWI in this essay) was unprecedented in both scale and sheer loss of human life. Never before had the world witnessed such carnage and violence perpetuated through the use of modern technology. The First World War touched much of the world the implications of this conflict reverberated across the globe. In addition to WWI, Europeans states fought dozens of wars and were home to countless revolutions aimed at changing the political order. From the French Revolution to the Spanish Civil War and the â€Å"War to End All Wars†, World War II, the history of Europe since 1789 has been wrought with conflict with nationalism playing an important role in the outbreak of violence.

Huffman Coding Sychronized Multimedia Integration Language

Huffman Coding Sychronized Multimedia Integration Language EIE 380 Web-based Multimedia SMIL Mini-Project ReportDEPARTMENT OFELECTRONIC AND INFORMATION ENGINEERINGEIE380 Web-Based MultimediaSMIL Mini-ProjectProject ReportDate: 19th April, 2010IntroductionNowadays, lecturers often use Powerpoint or a blackboard when teaching in a classroom. However, Powerpoint and blackboards are difficult to describe multimedia presentations. To describe multimedia presentations, Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) could be used.SMIL is a W3C recommended XML markup language for describing multimedia presentations. It can be used for timing and controlling streaming media clips. Media items like text, image, video and audio files can be included in SMIL. In this mini-project, SMIL would be used to create a presentation for Huffman Coding.ObjectivesThe objectives of this project are to generate a simple multimedia slide show using SMIL and to present one conceptual idea for the course materials of EIE380.About the ProjectThis project generates a simple multimedia slide show using SMIL to teach the basic concepts of Huffman Coding.JuliasetsdkjpegtreeIn the beginning, it gives a brief introduction in Huffman Coding. Then, the Huffman Algorithm is described. A Huffman Coding example will then be given in gif file to illustrate how to pick two nodes having the lowest probabilities and then create a parent node for them. The parent node is then assigned the sum of the children's probabilities. After that, a gif file will be given to illustrate to users how to encode the system. Users can then choose a symbol to see the codeword assigned to the corresponding symbol. After seeing the codeword, users can learn the prefix property of Huffman coding. They can click on a symbol and see that a shorter codeword will never form the start of a longer codeword. Next, a gif file will be given to demonstrate the...

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing In February of 2012, PETA discovered that Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder had resumed animal testing. The three companies had each been cruelty-free for over 20 years, but since China requires cosmetics to be tested on animals, all three companies now pay for their products to be tested on animals. For a short while, Urban Decay also planned to start animal testing but announced in July of 2012 that they would not test on animals and would not sell in China. While none of these are completely vegan companies, they have been considered cruelty-free because they did not test on animals. Urban Decay takes the extra step of identifying vegan products with a purple paw symbol, but not all Urban Decay products are vegan. Testing cosmetics and personal care products on animals are not required by U.S. law unless the product contains a new chemical. In 2009, the European Union banned cosmetics testing on animals, and that ban went into full effect in 2013. In 2011, U.K. officials announced an intention to ban animal testing of household products, but that ban has not yet been enacted. Avon and Animal Testing Avons animal welfare policy now states: Some select products may be required by law in a few countries to undergo additional safety testing, which potentially includes animal testing, under the directive of a government or health agency. In these instances, Avon will first attempt to persuade the requesting authority to accept non-animal test data. When those attempts are unsuccessful, Avon must abide by local laws and submit the products for additional testing. According to Avon, testing their products on animals for these foreign markets is not new, but it appears that PETA removed them from the cruelty-free list because PETA has become more aggressive advocates in the global arena. Avons Breast Cancer Crusade (funded by Avons popular breast cancer walk) is on the Humane Seal list of approved charities that dont fund animal research. Estee Lauder Estee Lauders animal testing statement reads, We do not conduct animal testing on our products or ingredients, nor ask others to test on our behalf, except when required by law. Mary Kay Mary Kays animal testing policy explains: Mary Kay does not conduct animal testing on its products or ingredients, nor ask others to do so on its behalf, except when absolutely required by law. There is only one country where the company operates – among more than 35 around the world – where that is the case and where the company is required by law to submit products for testing – China. Urban Decay Of the four companies, Urban Decay had had the most support in the vegan/animal rights community because they identify their vegan products with a purple paw symbol. The company even distributes free samples through The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, which certifies cruelty-free companies with their Leaping Bunny symbol. While Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder may have offered some vegan products, they had not specifically marketed those products to vegans and did not make it easy to identify their vegan products. Urban Decay had planned to sell their products in China, but received so much negative feedback, the company reconsidered: After careful consideration of many issues, we have decided not to start selling Urban Decay products in China . . . Following our initial announcement, we realized that we needed to step back, carefully review our original plan, and talk to a number of individuals and organizations that were interested in our decision. We regret that we were unable to respond immediately to many of the questions we received, and appreciate the patience our customers have shown as we worked through this difficult issue. Urban Decay is now back on the Leaping Bunny list and PETAs cruelty-free list. While Avon, Estee Lauder, and Mary Kay claim to oppose animal testing, as long as they are paying for animal tests anywhere in the world, they can no longer be considered cruelty-free.

Votes for Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Votes for Women - Essay Example He was in a very powerful position, as there was no Liberal MP who could even try to oppose him. It is well known that Asquith was totally against the campaign for women's vote right. Partly this was so because of the way he considered the voting: he did not think there was need for each individual to need to have a vote, he considered that such representation was more an issue of representing a class or community. That is why one man could represent the ideas of all of his family. Moreover, there were lots of serious problems facing the Parliament within 1900 - 1914, and Asquith was sure that "women's rights to vote" was a minor issue. In addition he paid no attention to demonstrations while he was sure that they did not reflect people's thinking. There was another aspect. If the law giving women the vote was ever going to be passed, it would have to happen in the Parliament. That means that such parties as the Liberals, the Conservatives and the Labour Party would have a part to play. It is false to think that all male politicians were opposed to female suffrage. In fact the Labour Party supported it, and leading Labour figures were deeply involved in the case. A substantial part of the Liberal Party supported it as well, together with many leading Liberals, including Churchill, Sir Edward Grey, and Lloyd George. Nevertheless there was much opposition to it among the Conservatives, as was vividly depicted in conservative Lord Curzon's speech in 1912. In society those who were against the female suffrage used a wide range of arguments, in 1900 many of the opponents to the movement simply considered that it was self evident that women were not intended to vote. To put it differently women should not have the vote because they simply were females. This was probably the position of most citizens in the country. It is worth mentioning that when people began to rationalise the opposition, occurred women who spoke out against female suffrage. The first group of people who opposed the movement were the people who considered the system to be fine and could not be improved further. Those people objected to giving anyone who was not already eligible to vote the right to do so. They had the vote right themselves, and feared any franchise extension. An elitist system of government and objection of widening the democracy was their major belief. As the debate over enlargement the pool of voters grew, arguments against women's suffrage began to occur. One of them was that all government, in England and in the Empire, rests on physical force, which women do not possess, or do not want to contribute to it because of their constitution. The idea is that women are too physically weak and it is not in their nature to be soldiers. The second aspect of the argument was that women influence would evidently help the introduction of pacifism into society. In relation to the Empire there were two further argument lines. One meant that if women got opportunity to gain power in Britain, a demand for the

Summary of Planning implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summary of Planning implementation - Essay Example The minimal dependency relationship is one of the major prerequisites in the implementation of a project. When the dependency relationships are minimal, the decisions points in the project and in the implementation process are minimized. When the decision points are many, chances that there will be several stages and several modifications are very high. When this is the case, the implementation tends to be ineffective and out of context. Kuenkel, Gerlach & Frieg (2000) say that the number of actions results in an increase in the relationship dependency. Where there are several actors in the process, there are numerous relationship dependencies leading to more decision points. This in turn causes more modifications and alterations. The relationship dependencies can be reduced by means of developing a management system, understanding the roles of the players, understanding the mutual benefits, joint working and through partnerships. Partnerships involve mutual cooperation in a project. This entails the sharing of duties, roles, risks and profits associated with a given project. Using partnerships ensures that the number of decision making points in a project that can lead to alterations and modifications are reduced or minimized. The people or groups in a partnership take part in that particular business, project or venture jointly. According to Melia (2014b), a partnership normally brings together individuals and groups from the private, voluntary and the public sectors. These groups go ahead to share the risks, the failures and the success of the initiative that they are working towards. The coming together of the various entities in a partnership allows them to maximize on their intellectual, as well as their financial resources to ensure that there is success in a long term development initiative. Partnerships are

How sexist, racist, and homophobic language creates a barrier to Essay

How sexist, racist, and homophobic language creates a barrier to communication - Essay Example In most instances, this form of discrimination targets the women. However, the main culprits are the male chauvinists. In some circumstances, men have refused to listen to what women have to say or when they listen; their minds are already registered that they would not act on it. Therefore, either the person can be absent minded or can listen but immediately forget about what transpired. Communication can also be hampered by the realization that the listener is not keen. Based on sexism, some men develop an attitude towards not only towards the message being delivered but also to the person delivering the message. On the other hand, stereotyping based on gender can make an individual develop communication biasness towards the other gender. For example, a woman who has labelled all men as cheaters will not be convinced to any man claiming that they have never cheated. Racism can also be a communication barrier. The perception that a particular race is knowledgeable that another will make a person disregard information from another person of a race that they demonstrate prejudice against. The attitude formed is that the communicator is unable to deliver any important information. It is also possible that a racist will focus on the language use and fail to get the message. Racial disparities emanates from differential origins, therefore, the assents are different. Instead of listening to the person speak, a racially biased person will listen to the language use of the communicator. In addition, a person from a race labelled â€Å"inferior† may fail to capture what the other person is saying, they agree on anything that is said courtesy of inferiority complex. For example, a local inhabitant of the Congo forest who knows some French will perceive that whatever the white man is saying is true hence failing to capture the message as it was deli vered. Communication breakdown can also be contributed by the use of homophobic language. Homosexuals have attempted to air

Analysis of Social and Political Contexts in Plays

Analysis of Social and Political Contexts in Plays With reference to at least two plays of your choice by different authors from different periods of theatre history analyze in what ways they reflect the social and political context in which they were written. â€Å"In the theatre, every form once born is mortal; every form must be reconceived, and its new conception will bear the marks of all the influences that surround it.†(Peter Brook) William Shakespeare takes the story of Julius Caesar and expresses his ideas about Queen Elizabeth, and the political atmosphere of Elizabethan England, using Julius Caesar himself as a metaphor for the growing Elizabethan empire, and the fears concerning the death of an heir-less Queen. Arthur Miller infuses the story of the Salem Witch Trials with sub textual references to the McCarthyism and Red Scare, which were going on in America in the 1950’s. In 2013, Anne Washburn sets her story, Mr. Burns: A Post-Electric Play, against a nuclear post-apocalyptic backdrop, using a popular television show, The Simpsons, as a catalyst, which in itself is a reflection on her ideas of modern American society, and society in general, as throughout the play, one bears witness to an old civilization unrav eling, and a resorting to story-telling in it’s most basic beginnings. This essay is a discussion on in what ways Julius Caesar, The Crucible, and Mr. Burns: A Post-Electric Play reflects the social and political context in which they were written. Julius Caesar was first performed in 1599, the first show to be performed at the Globe Theater in London. Though the text was not released until 1623, it is Shakespeare’s shortest play. Shakespeare is thought to have been heavily influenced in reference to the historical context by Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, which was written by Plutarch in the first century. In the play, Julius Caesar has just overthrown Pompey, who was threatening the republic. In the opening scenes, the people of Rome are seen celebrating Caesar, and try to crown him multiple times. This troubles many people in the shadows, who begin to whisper about the integrity of Caesar, and whether he will take the throne for his own, or honor the democratic republic, which Rome was in 440 B.C. These whisperings concern his peers, such as Cassius, who convinces Brutus that Caesar must be taken down before he becomes more powerful than the Republic. Ultimately, Caesar is assassinated, which results in mass chaos, as the entire country breaks out in civil war. In the end, almost everyone dies. Queen Elizabeth became Queen in 1558, forty years before Julius Caesar was first performed. â€Å"The Virgin Queen†, as she was commonly known, was the daughter of Henry VIII, and the last in the line of the Tudor monarchy. Queen Elizabeth ruled very strictly, and was extremely paranoid, therefore many people were imprisoned and questioned all the time for treasonous activity. â€Å"This was a meticulously recorded Police State, comparable with Hitlers Germany, Pinochets Chile, the former Soviet Bloc or Saddam Hussains Iraq. Almost all the major players in Shakespeares life including the poet himself would find themselves on the wrong side of the law at some point during their life†¦ And so England was a land of clear divisions: between the old faith and the new, between the cities and the rural communities, between the known and that which was unknown and therefore frightening.†(pbs.org) It was urgently necessary that if Shakespeare had a political view to share , he must share it very subtly. â€Å"Early modern writers frequently compared the English Parliament to the Roman republic’s Senate and popular tribunate. The English were also mindful of Rome’s role in their early history: Julius Caesar successfully invaded Britain in 54 BCE and the Roman Empire, which succeeded the republic, controlled Britain from 77 to 407 CE. At the broader level of political culture, English people strongly identified themselves as â€Å"free† in ways that (they believed) citizens of the Roman republic had been and others in Europe were not.†(newberry.org) In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare remarks on the political unrest of Elizabethan England in his portrayal of the rebellion and assassination of Julius Caesar. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth I thwarted many assassination attempts, as well as attempts at overthrowing her strongly Protestant rule by the Catholics. Shakespeare also comments on the impending future of England, as Elizabeth was very much like Caesar in a ge, and had no heirs to carry on her rule. He uses the Roman civil wars as a vehicle to perhaps predict a post-Elizabethan England, one that did not bode well for the English mass, as the eco-system that was Elizabethan English politics disintegrated into mass chaos. Hundreds of years later, Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, in 1953. The Crucible is about The Salem Witch Trials, which happened in 1692 in Puritan Salem, Massachusetts. In the actual trials, young girls began accusing people of witchcraft, which led to mass hysteria, the persecution of over 200 people, and the execution of 20 people. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller adds dimension to a historic event, by adding his own ideas as to why and how the whole thing came about. He created answers as to why the girls began the dangerous faà §ade. He also combined historical figures as characters to create a clear and concise storyline. He took many artistic liberties. â€Å"For example, many of the accusations of witchcraft in the play are driven by the affair between farmer, husband, and father John Proctor, and the Ministers teenage niece Abigail Williams: however, in real life Williams was probably about eleven at the time of the accusations and Proctor was over sixty, which makes it most unlikely that there was ever any such relationship. Miller himself said, The play is not reportage of any kind . [n]obody can start to write a tragedy and hope to make it reportage . what I was doing was writing a fictional story about an important theme.â€Å"(ukmc.edu) In the 1950’s, the United States of America was going through a similar mass hysteria as during the Salem Witch Trials. After World War II, there was a huge anti-communist movement, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, who famously brought in many people in the artistic and intellectual community and interrogated them about being communists. Americans were afraid of communism, or radical leftism, because of the belief that communism was in direct opposition to American values. This was the second time in the 20th century, that America had a Red Scare, the first being in the 1920’s. However, in the 1920’s the suspicions revolved a social movement, and in the 1950’s the fears stemmed from fears because of the conflict in Korea and China, and espionage based upon confessions by government officials of spying for the Soviet Union, the most famous being the trials of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were executed for passing on secret information to the Soviet Union about the atomic bomb. Senator McCarthy headed the Congresss House Un-American Activities Committee, which â€Å"launched an investigation into purported Communist influence in the movie business. HUAC subpoenaed writers, directors, actors and studio executives and inquired whether they were now or had ever been a member of the Communist Party.†(collin.edu) Although there is much speculation as to the exact mirroring of The Salem Witch Trials in The Crucible to the McCarthyism Red Scare hysteria of the 1950’s, â€Å"Miller writes, â€Å"These plays, in one sense, are my response to what was ‘in the air,’ they are one man’s way of saying to his fellow men, ‘This is what you see every day, or think or feel; now I will show you what you really know but have not had the time, or the disinterestedness, or the insight, or the information to understand consciously.†Ã¢â‚¬ (Steppenwolf.org) Arthur Miller himself had been brought in for questioning about being a communist, and among many others in the Hollywood and theatre scene. He was actually blacklisted at one point. The mass hysteria spread throughout the country, just like in Salem in The Crucible, and people became suspicious of everyone. â€Å"One group collected and published the names of people in the world of the arts and entertainment thought to be un-American in their politics. The most famous were able to successfully fight off such attacks butRed Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television, ruined or harmed many peoples careers.†(Collins.edu) Anne Washburn wrote Mr. Burns: A Post-Electric Play, which was performed at The Playwrights Horizon studio in New York City in Fall 2013. In the play, which is three acts, the show opens with a group of people sitting around a fire, in the aftermath of a nuclear holocaust, trying to recall an episode from the popular TV series, â€Å"The Simpsons†. Throughout the whole first act, the audience watches what was an actually word for word transcription of the cast during one of the first workshops try and remember word for word the episode, â€Å"Cape Feare†. In the second act, time has moved forward ten years and the audience learns that this new world has evolved into a place where people barter with memories of Simpsons episodes, with different troupes going around performing them, along with commercial breaks. It is as if any fragment of the ‘old’ world is cherished, if not quite misunderstood by this new civilization. People are willing to trade food and shelter for missing pieces of the stories, and there is somewhat of a rivalry between the different troupes, a competition for how many stories each has collected. The second act ends in bloodshed, as people become violent in trying to attain as many recalling of Simpsons episodes. In the third act, it is hundreds of years later, and the audience watches a bizarre performance of what was being rehearsed in the second act, except it is now revered, almost religious in the manner it is being performed. The whole act is culmination of years of retelling and evolution into a masked performance that at the same time is almost an exact retelling and something completely different. Anne Washburn’s use of the post-apocalyptic theme is smart, as the idea of post-apocalyptic society has taken America’s imagination by storm. â€Å"We use fictional narratives not only to emotionally cope with the possibility of impending doom, but even more importantly perhaps to work through the ethical and philosophical frameworks that were in many ways left shattered in the wake of WWII.†(livescience.com) In a post 9/11 society, after two wars and a financial recession, America needs the catharsis that comes with an imagined world after the end of the world. â€Å"The image of New Yorkers fleeing the crashing towers and the toxic clouds of the death was broadcast over and over until the image was emblazoned in indelibly in nation’s collective psychic. America’s exalted sense of invincibility came crashing down with the WTC, our feeling of security forever buried underneath metric tons rubble.†(ipharoah.thoughts) With Mr. Burns, Anne Washb urn has also commented on the influence of pop culture in America, and the trend towards escapism in American society. Television especially is embedded into the American culture, and many Americans use television as a way to block out the impending bills, and declining health, and general disarray of their lives. â€Å"That single â€Å"Simpsons† episode becomes a treasure-laden bridge, both to the past and into the future. And in tracing a story’s hold on the imaginations of different generations, the play is likely to make you think back — way back — to narratives that survive today from millenniums ago. Every age, it seems, has its Homers.†(nytimes.com) Throughout history, playwrights have continued to give us a snapshot of the world from which they are writing. Whether it is about a specific person, a movement, or the society as whole, Julius Caesar, The Crucible, and Mr. Burns: A Post-Electric Play are three examples. All three plays reflect the social and political context in which they were written with the use of metaphor and symbolism, and sometimes just a straight up comparison. The interesting thing about these three plays, is that not only are they allegories for the time in which they were written, but they can also be related to on contemporary terms. In turn, the three plays not only comment on a social and political context, but on the human condition, which never changes. Bibliography Arnold, Oliver O. â€Å"Chronology† and â€Å"Republicanism, Popular Politics, and the Rhetoric of Liberty in 1599.† InJulius Caesar,by William Shakespeare. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2010. Blumberg, J. (2007).A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. Available: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-salem-witch-trials-175162489/. Last accessed 14 Jan 2014. Brantley, B. (2013).Stand Up, Survivors; Homer Is With You.Available:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/theater/reviews/mr-burns-a-post-electric-play-at-playwrights-horizons.html?_r=0. Last accessed 19 Jan 2014. Brook, P (1968).The Empty Space. New York, NY: Touchstone. Ipharoah. (2012).Apocalypse: As American as Apple Pie.Available: http://ipharaoh.thoughts.com/posts/apocalypse-as-american-as-apple-pie. Last accessed 14 Jan 2014. Layson, H and Zurcher, A. (2012).Shakespeares Romans: Politics and Ethics in Julius Caesar and Coriolanus.Available: http://dcc.newberry.org/collections/shakespeare-rome. Last accessed 14 Jan 2014. Linder, D. (2013).The Witchcraft Trials in Salem: A Commentary.Available:http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/SAL_ACCT.HTM. Last accessed 15 Jan 2014. Love, M. (2003).Shakespeares England.Available: http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/locations/location153.html. Last accessed 10 Jan 2014. Miller, A (1953).The Crucible. USA: Penguin Books. Pappas, S. (2013).Why Were Obsessed with the Zombie Apocalypse.Available: http://www.livescience.com/27287-zombie-apocalypse-world-war-ii.html. Last accessed 18 Jan 2014. Shakespeare, W (1603).Julius Caesar. London: N/A. Washburn, A (2010).Mr Burns: A Post-Electric Play. New York: Smith Kraus. Wilkison, K. (2013).The Second Red Scare: Fear and Loathing in High Places, 1947-1954.Available: http://iws.collin.edu/kwilkison/Resources for Students/redscare.html. Last accessed 19 Jan 2014.