Conflict Repeats Itself - 739 Words

Teachers gathering up to protest against the Kent School District that then creates a strike. School days are getting canceled and a major issue arises. Conflicts are happening everywhere in the world, and most of them are things that happen over and over again, therefore history does repeat itself in regards to conflict. Different rulers (or people) from different time periods may have the same reasoning and opinions so they handle conflicts the same way, same types of conflicts which involve country fighting a country happen all across the world no matter the time period and people all over the world have went against the government. All of these things support why history does repeat itself when talking about conflict. First off, similar types of conflicts happen across the world against different countries. In the Newsela article Talks are tense as Biden meets Chinese leaders in Beijing amid dispute we learned about the war between China and Japan, their disagreement over the own ership of the islands in the East China Sea. Then in this article Ukraine crisis: Putin signs Russia-Crimea treaty it shows part of the issue between Ukraine and Russia fighting over Crimea. Here you can see two similar conflicts between two different countries fighting over one piece of land that isn’t officially under the ownership of one county. The conflicted countries both claim that that land that they are fighting for is theirs. This type of conflict happens thought the course ofShow MoreRelatedMany Conflicts in History718 Words   |  3 PagesWhy does such deadly and horrifying conflict occur? Throughout history, conflict has repeated itself in many ways. Conflict has come from similar reasons from the past. Having similar technology or just picking another fight in the first place can also cause conflict. Sometimes conflict will occur from similar reasons, which may happen in repetition. In the text of â€Å"North Dakota’s oil boom gives birth to new breed of migrant worker† (Newsela), a man named Andrew Klefstad goes to work in North DakotaRead MoreWe Didn  ´ T Start The Fire1321 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in these events mentioned in the song. His generation is blamed for all the conflicts that occurred in those forty years, when in reality, those conflicts have roots many generations in the past. He portrays the positive and negative effects his generation had in the world. In the positive side, they had advances in science and many cultural events. In the other hand, they were involved in dozens of conflicts all around the world that left misery and death. He emphasizes that many of the problemsRead MoreFinancial Events Of The Great Depression Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagescrash of 1929 and the start of the Great Depression. However, the crash of 1987 ha ppened quickly and returned to normal quickly. Despite all of the lessons learned from the Depression era, we cannot be completely confident that history will not repeat itself. Perhaps this disastrous era is speaking to us today with our unstable economy, high unemployment and failing banks. An examination of the legislation that was put into place during the Great Depression and how it has progressed or declined mayRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poem There s A Certain Slant Of Light1147 Words   |  5 Pagesoff with another religious reference, which hints at the idea that the speaker not only battles with the meaning behind the light but as well as their religious beliefs. The oxymoron â€Å"Heavenly hurt, it gives us — â€Å" realizes the speaker’s internal conflict onto the page. The use of first person here could also signify that the speaker knows that many people face the same issue and the end-stop gives the reader time to ponder on the issue. O nce again, the use of first person emphasizes that â€Å"We canRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s The Battle Of Gettysburg984 Words   |  4 Pagespoints across, is the use of repetition. One of these words that Lincoln repeats multiple times is, we. Lincoln is leading a nation that is on the brink of tearing itself apart. One of his biggest notions, is the idea that America needs to fight in unity to solve this hospitable conflict, rather than choosing sides. The word we immediately conjures up a picture of togetherness, rather than separation. The fact that Lincoln repeats the word simply implies that he thoroughly believes that if America cannotRead MoreCommon Causes of War and Genocide Essay example1271 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon in our planet’s history and even more so in Africa. Genocide and war share many common causes such as desperation brought on by a declining economy. Experts on the Central African Republic believe that current events point to a possible repeat of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, in which over one million people were killed. Many think that U.N. involvement is necessary to stop the escalating violence in the Central African Republic; others believe that the dismal track record of the U.N. inRead MoreMarcus Garvey : The Universal Negro Improvement Association ( Unia )868 Words   |  4 Pageseverywhere, so that humanity may change its tactics, and warn them of the danger, I repeat: I warn the white world against the prejudice they are practicing against Negros†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.33, pp.6) Garvey also emphasized the good in every race, and asked them to deliver and expand his words throughout the world, so they too were ready for the upcoming battle. He was asking for a change, a positive reaction, where a conflict wouldn’t be necessary, as if he was placing fear in the other races that wouldn’t treatRead MoreEternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind By Charles Kaufman937 Words   |  4 Pagesex-girlfriend Clementine fr om his mind, only to regret the decision once the procedure begins taking effect. The conflict Joel deals with in regretting his decision over the procedure and the connections between destiny, memories of attraction are key to the story’s theme: Without memories however painful the potential from someone to learn from mistakes is removed leaving them destined to repeat patterns instilled by attraction. The turmoil Joel goes through while regretting his decision to have ClementineRead MoreA Synopsis of Six Characters in Search of an Author1163 Words   |  5 Pages Enduring Conflict in Six Characters in Search of an Author Pirandello’s Six Characters in Search of an Author is an existentially absurdist metatheatrical play that details the trials and tribulations of a family that is lost in time and forced to relive the most horrific moments of their lives until they can find an author willing to write an ending to their story. The Characters’ dynamic is not that dissimilar from any other family’s game plan when it comes to conflict, which Bernard MayerRead MoreOver Extensive Narrative Verse, D.H. Lawrence’S Poem, â€Å"Snake†926 Words   |  4 Pagescaesuras and end stops evenly and slowly pace the poem’s lines, paralleling a reflective experience. The voice deliberately internalizes his visual perceptions from external reality. The speaker’s voices â€Å"in him† and voices â€Å"of his education† then conflict him, interrupting and discrediting his natural experience. These voices rouse conditioned fear and aggression towards the snake. He feels â€Å"truly afraid, most afraid† of it, yet â€Å"honoured still more† experiencing nature’s immediacy. Taunting the speaker

Top College Essay Samples for Admission Choices

Top College Essay Samples for Admission Choices New Step by Step Roadmap for College Essay Samples for Admission Your final result needs to be your thesis statement. Possessing a very clear and structured plan is the foundation for any excellent bit of writing, and a college essay is not any different. If string theory is truly true, then the full world is composed of strings, and I cannot tie a single one. For a beginning, the typical application essay topics need you to use language that's totally free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. One of the most difficult elements of college life is finances. The topical outline about the overall discussion of the subject region of social work is a simple supply of topics for essays on social work since it is structured in a manner that it's simple for students to locate and select certain topics. As soon as you own a topic, it's best to make an outline of ideas. After you think you have selected a topic, keep researchi ng on it to be able to narrow it down and find a notion of what you're going to write about. If you don't, it's possible to actually hurt your odds of admission. If you're going to write college admission essay by yourself then don't neglect the suitable structure of the paper. It is crucial to avoid writing on what you feel the admission committee would like to hear. It is very important to capture the interest of the admission tutors irrespective of how strict they may appear to be. Choosing College Essay Samples for Admission Since you know what it should say, it's simple to trick yourself into believing the essay says something it doesn't. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Although you must be creative when writing your essay, resist the temptation to acquire creative with the facts. 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The Australian organization with the Effective Implementation

Questions: 1. Identify and critically analyse and discuss the communication challenges that a leader would expect to encounter in relation to the cultural diversity of many Australian organisations. (you also need to give example of any australian organisation in term of how they face communication challanges) 2. Critically discuss how leaders can address the ethical issues related to the cultural diversity in many Australian organisations.( you also need to give exmaple of any ethical issues faced by australian organisation.) 3. Identify, synthesise and critically discuss an optimal mix of leadership styles/behaviours which would be aligned with managing culturally diverse workplaces; these should be sufficiently flexible, and able to be appropriately adopted in Australian organisations.(you also need to provide one example based on leadership style/behaviour in any australian organisation.). Answers: Introduction: Australia is known for its diverse cultural workforce. The organizational behavior and culture are equally important regarding organizational success. It helps the organization to enhance and maintain the communications within the workplace which helps in further development of the business as a whole. However, culture varies at the workplace and thus it may sometimes lead to conflicts. The rise of issues and conflicts also led to degradation of the communication and ethics which affects the work culture as a whole. Moreover, the organizational behavior is utmost important as the business emerges more towards the multigenerational and diverse culture (Hersey Blanchard, 2012). The workforce may sometimes also get influenced through diverse labour power which needs the implementation of organizational behavior within the organization. Organizational behavior also helps in the improvement of the team work and thus helps the organization to gain the competitive advantage in the market. Organizational behavior also led the leadership which further led the organization towards the strategic business objectives. Thus, it helps the business to gain the competitive advantage which helps in the improvement of the communication as well between the employees within the workplace. Organizational Behavior also gets influenced by separate personalities of an employee which further affects the productivity of the business. The Virgin Australia Airlines has been operating in Australia since last few years and for achieving the success ladder, the organization has also adopted changes and implemented strategies towards the operating environment (McShane Von Glinow, 2012). Virgin Australia is rapidly growing and thus leading as the second domestic carrier in Australia. Thus, Virgin Australia maintains a strategic tool to maintain an organizational behavior within the workplace and thus helps in motivating more employees within the business as a whole. The motivational factor al so helps the organization to provide the best service towards the customers and thus increases the profit margin of the organization. This further adds value to the organization and helps in gaining sustainability as well in the competitive market. Communication Challenges: Management within an organization implements strategic tools to develop culturally diverse workplace within Virgin Australian Airlines. The leaders within the organization face several challenges to managing the diverse workforce. Thus, the organization needs to face certain challenges that include: Diversity in culture Virgin Australia Airlines is facing certain issues regarding the diversity in culture within the workplace. The diverse cultural people primarily try to carry out their own norms and take things in their things only at the right way. This led to the dispute among the team members as they consider their individual norms and culture to be universally valued. This led to miscommunication between the management and thus affected the organizational diverse culture (Fox et al., 2012). The misunderstanding thus affects the organizational culture and also helps in improving the work culture as well. Nationality Identity The nationality identity within the workplace affects the effectiveness of communication. Different nationality means the varied cultures and languages. Varied cultures led to varied thought process and personalities which stand as a challenge for the leaders within Virgin Australia Airlines to manage the workforces as a whole. The national identity also led to carry forward individual sentiments and norms which may sometimes affect the effective communication within the workplace (Boiral Paill, 2012). This also led towards losing the employee motivation as well. The regional differences led to the cultural gaps as well which further affects the culture of the organization and thus includes as a challenge for the management towards the employees within the business. Ethnicity Identity Ethnicity identity also contributes to a major proportion of the communication challenges. The ethnic identity creates a gap between the people which led to further miscommunication in the organization. The miscommunication also led to the misunderstanding of information which creates a gap for the management as well in the organization (Easterby et al., 2012). The ethnicity needs to be taken into the serious note to improve the transparency in communication between the management within the organization. The ethnicity sometimes also may refer to the common religion, culture and history which also prove to stand as a challenge for the communication towards leaders in managing the diverse culture within the organization. The ethnicity also helps the employees to improve the individual identity and helps the organization towards the development in the present trending scenario. Language Language is also regarded as the most vital part in improving the communication skill in the organization. The language is a common bridge between the employees and the management which help the organization to evaluate and analyze the issues within the workplace and helps in improving the organization as a whole. The Language also sometimes proves to be a solution for any misunderstanding or conflicts within the organization (Vaccaro et al., 2012). In critical situations, languages may stand as a constraint for the employees with Virgin Australia Airlines. The same word may prove to be sometimes different meanings which also affect the productivity of the employee within the workplace. However, at times misunderstanding is also created due to people of varied cultures communicate with different languages which seek to need help by translated tool. This results in cost affectivity and thus affects the communication skills of employees within the business (Bouhafs et al., 20 12). Thus, to improve the intercultural communication the language need to be taken into serious account towards organizational success. Community Community also proves to be the challenge for the business to sustain in the market. The community also proves to be varied regarding socio-political and social cultural activities which also affect the communication and transparency within Virgin Australia Airlines as a whole. The active role and responsibilities of communication are to shape the personalities of the employees and thus help in improving the organizational behavior as well. The community also helps in improving the knowledge among the employees of the organization and helps in improving the social interaction process as well. Thus, it helps the organization more towards the ladder of success and improves the communication factor as well. Thus, it also helps in the sustainability of the organization in the market (Eslami Gharakhani, 2012). The communication thus proves to be beneficial for the organization to achieve the objectives and success which helps in influencing more customers towards the business. The business thus faces several challenges regarding communication which need to be improved to gain more customers towards the organizational service as well. The communication challenge stands as a constraint for business in the present trending market (Bratton Gold, 2012). Ethical issues: Development of business globalisation and improved economic interdependency Virgin Australia Airlines face certain challenges in the workplace to manage the diverse workforce altogether. The dynamic and competitive market also stands as a challenge for Virgin Australia Airlines to compete in the present marketing trend (Caroline Martins Meyer, 2012). Ethics is considered as attitudes or personality of individual within workplace towards colleagues, management and the organization as a whole. The organizational success also depends on the implementation of effective strategy by the leaders of the business as well. Thus, the various factors that influence the ethical issues within the organization include: Leadership and commitment Leadership and commitment play an important role in controlling the ethical management within the organization. The top management within Virgin Australia Airlines is responsible for the maintaining the ethics within the business and thus provides effective organizational behavior within the business as a whole. Code of Conduct The lack of written conduct affects the productivity and efficiency of the organization as the employees decide their rightful action as per their choice which hinders the skills of an organization in the market (Sita Nirmala Kumaraswamy Chitale, 2012). The leaders of Virgin Australia Airlines need to implement t effective strategy which helps the business to bind the employees with rules and regulations and helps the business to increase the growth rate of the company. Thus, the ethical conduct helps the leaders within the business to manage the diverse workforce and helps in the profitability of the organization in the market. Miscommunication Miscommunication led towards the failure of ethical communication within the organization. This also leads towards the disputes within the workplace which affect the workforce towards improved productivity as well. The absence of transparency between the management and the employees led towards disrupting the environment and thus lowers the rate of profitability of the organization in the market. Communication thus adds value towards the organizational success and development (Ting-Toomey Chung, 2012). The leader within Virgin Australia Airlines creates a transparent communication to improve and develop a health relation between the management and the employee as a whole. The organization thus improves the communication skill and helps the organization towards sustainability in the market. Trust Leaders within Virgin Australia Airlines implements the effective strategy to gain the trust of loyal employees within the organization and helps in the growth of the company as well. The trust is regarded as an important factor for the improvement of the workforce in the organization (Macnamara Zerfass, 2012). Trust is considered to be important for transformational leadership which adds value towards the organizational success as a whole. Fostering of trust management and abolishing of abusive practice led the business towards increasing the quality of production. The trust management also helps in retaining the employees more towards the organization and helps in the development of the company in the trending market. Training The training program helps the business to improve the skills of the employees within the workplace and thus help the leaders and the management to handle diverse cultures as well. The training also helps the management to improve the thought process of the varied employees which help to manage the diverse culture as well. The training program also helps in the development of the rate of productivity that further led Virgin Australia Airlines to gain sustainability in the trending market. The training thus helps the organization to improve the workplace condition and thus help in retaining employees more towards the workplace (Hersey Blanchard, 2012). Reward and Recognition The reward and recognition of the employee help to led Virgin Australia Airlines towards success ladder. The recognition system also helps to influence the employees and act as motivating factors towards the business (Eagly et al., 2012). The Leaders and the management within the organization also need to keep up their commitment to gain positive outcome of the ethical environment and helps in gaining competitive advantage as well. The ethical system also helps in balancing the workforce and the managerial issue towards organizational success. The ethics management helps in the organizational success and also helps in the improvement of the employee relations as well in the business (Day Antonakis, 2012). The employee relations thus improve the work culture and increase in the quality of the production of the business as a whole. This helps the organization in achieving the aims and thus also helps in managing the diverse culture as well. The leaders and the management within the organization thus implement effective strategies and manage the ethical issues within the organization as a whole. Appropriate leadership models/styles: The Australian organization Virgin Australia Airlines thus implements various effective strategies that help in the development of the organizational structure and also helps in the effective organizational behavior in the organization as a whole. The leadership styles thus include: Traditional Styles: Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership within Virgin Australia Airlines helps the employees to create a transparency with the management which help the organization to gain more loyal employees towards the organizational success (Lam et al., 2012). The Autocratic leadership also helps the organization to bind the employees with certain riles that might also help the business to gain sustainability with increased quality of production within the business. Democratic Leadership Democratic leadership helps the business to share the organizational profitability and responsibility. It also helps the organization towards the seeking advice from the subordinates a well which further helps to motivate and encourage more employees within the organization as a whole. This helps the organization to satisfy the employees which further results in customer satisfaction as well. This also helps in the expansion of the market (Wilson, 2013). Laissez Faire Leadership The Laissez Faire Leadership style is popularly known as the hands off style which helps in providing help and guiding the employees within the organization. The employees under this leadership can enjoy a freedom of right within the workplace which helps in leading the organization towards gaining competitive advantage (Chaudhry Javed, 2012). This style of leadership also influences the employees within the workplace to determine their own objective which helps to increase the rate and quality of production of the business in the competitive market. However, the managers find it easy to manage the diverse culture of Virgin Australia Airlines through motivating more employees towards the organizational success and thus add value towards the organizational brand as a whole. Modern Style of Leadership: Transformational Leadership The transformational leadership helps the business to grow the passion and enthusiasm of the employees within the business and helps in the development of the organization. This model also helps the organization towards achieving the am and vision of the organization which helps in improving the work culture of the business as a whole. Transformational strategy or leadership helps Virgin Australia Airlines towards achieving the passionate people more towards the organization and also helps in the development of the organization as a whole. This helps the organization also towards the success in the competitive market and helps in gaining sustainability in the trending market as well. The transformational leadership also helps in influencing the thought process and beliefs and ideologies of the employee which further help the management and the leaders to manage the diverse culture in the organization (Lowell, 2012). The transfo rmational leadership also helps in improving the skills of the employees which further helps in increasing the rate of profitability of the organization as a whole. It also helps to inspire employees more towards the organization and helps to achieve their individual success which consequently will contribute towards the organizational success. The Transformational leadership style also helps in formulation and designing of projects that helps in changing the working environment and also helps in undertaking risk analysis as well. Charismatic Leadership - Charismatic Leadership helps Virgin Australia Airlines to satisfy the need of the employees within the organization and helps in the improvement of the productivity of the organization (Gerber et al., 2012). The leaders with the implementation of the effective leadership help the organization to gain respect and trust and also analyze the risk factor as well. The diverse culture within the business gets help by the leadership style to analyze the various moods of the varied culture people operating within the workplace. The leadership style helps the organization in implementing the effective strategy that helps to improve the skills and performance of the employee which further helps in improving the organizational behavior within the business. The values of the charismatic leadership help in changing the workforce and helps in managing the dispute as well at the time of crisis. The charismatic leadership helps in the alteration of the organization which hel ps the business towards success rate in the competitive market. Transactional leadership The diverse cultured organization need to manage tactfully to retain its position along with the employee satisfaction as a whole. The Transactional leadership provides responsibilities to the employees within the business as per the benefits and salaries provided to the employees (Snell, 2013). The employee needs to complete the task assigned to them as per the requirement. Thus, this style of leadership helps Virgin Australia Airlines to gain more employees within the organization and also help in improving and increasing the rate of productivity of the business in the competitive market. Participative Leadership The participative style helps Virgin Australia Airlines to involve the employees within the workplace to take the necessary decision regarding the prevailing issues within the business. The leadership style also helps in involving the stakeholders, superiors and peer groups in decision making and led the business more towards improving the organizational behavior in comparison to the trending market (Rue et al., 2012). Servant Leadership The Servant leadership style helps the leaders of the business to held responsibilities towards employees within the organization as well. The leadership style is responsible enough to carry out the organization towards improvement and also help the employee develop individually within the business (Thiel et al., 2012). This leadership model is a natural tool towards the organization success. However, the style of leadership is pretty based on an assumption that might be changed by the employee or the leader as per the need of Virgin Australia Airlines. Visionary Leadership Style The visionary leadership style helps the business to improve the performance of the employee and thus led the business towards gaining competitive advantage. The leaders with an implementation of this style of leadership help in managing the diverse culture and further increase the profitability rate of the organization as a whole. This also helps the company towards the improvement of the employee performance and helps in the organizational success (Snell, 2013). This leadership style helps the employee within the business to face their challenges courageously and helps in the sustainability of the company in the trending market. Conclusion: The Australian organization with the effective implementation of the various strategies helps the company to gain competitive advantage. The organization with the effective implementation of the strategies help Virgin Australia Airlines to motivate more employees within the workplace and also helps in gaining loyal employees within the organization. The organization also with the improved quality of production gains customer satisfaction as well towards the organizational service as well. Thus, the implementation of various effective leadership style and approaches helps the business to manage the diverse culture within the workplace. The effective strategy regarding the communication skill also helps to develop a transparent, communicative bridge towards the management and the employees and help to avoid any dispute within the workplace. This helps the company towards increasing the productivity and profitability of the company as well in the market. The effective implementation of the ethical management also helps the organization towards managing the workforce. It also helps in managing the varied ideologies and thoughts of the employees which further help a leader to manage the diverse culture within the organization as a whole. This also helps the organization to gain competitive advantage and thus help in gaining sustainability in the competitive market. Reference List: Boiral, O., Paill, P. (2012). Organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: Measurement and validation.Journal of business ethics,109(4), 431-445. Bouhafs, F., Mackay, M., Merabti, M. (2012). Links to the future: Communication requirements and challenges in the smart grid.Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE,10(1), 24-32. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Caroline Martins, E., Meyer, H. W. (2012). Organizational and behavioral factors that influence knowledge retention.Journal of Knowledge Management,16(1), 77-96. Chaudhry, A. Q., Javed, H. (2012). Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Day, D. V., Antonakis, J. (2012).The nature of leadership. Sage. Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men.Psychological bulletin,129(4), 569. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. R. (2012).Management research. Sage. Eslami, J., Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction.ARPN Journal of Science and Technology,2(2), 85-91. Fox, S., Spector, P. E., Goh, A., Bruursema, K., Kessler, S. R. (2012). The deviant citizen: Measuring potential positive relations between counterproductive work behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,85(1), 199-220. Gerber, P. D., Nel, P. S., Van Dyk, P. S. (2012).Human resources management. Southern Book Publishers. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (2012). Leadership style: Attitudes and behaviors. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H. (2012).Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Lam, C. S., O'Higgins, E. R. (2012). Enhancing employee outcomes: The interrelated influences of managers' emotional intelligence and leadership style.Leadership and Organization Development Journal,33(2), 149-174. Lowell, J. (2012). Managers and moral dissonance: Self justification as a big threat to ethical management?.Journal of business ethics,105(1), 17-25. Macnamara, J., Zerfass, A. (2012). Social media communication in organizations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy, and management.International Journal of Strategic Communication,6(4), 287-308. McShane, S., Von Glinow, M. (2012).Organizational behavior. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rue, L., Byars, L., Ibrahim, N. (2012).Management: Skills Application. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Sita Nirmala Kumaraswamy, K., Chitale, C. M. (2012). Collaborative knowledge sharing strategy to enhance organizational learning.Journal of Management Development,31(3), 308-322. Snell, R. S. (2013). Developing skills for ethical management. Thiel, C. E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J. F., Mumford, M. D. (2012). Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), 49-64. Ting-Toomey, S., Chung, L. C. (2012).Understanding intercultural communication. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Vaccaro, I. G., Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., Volberda, H. W. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 28-51. Wilson, F. M. (2013).Organizational behaviour and work: a critical introduction. Oxford University Press.

Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essay Example

Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests Essay How can intelligence be tested? Critically evaluate the underlying assumptions of intelligence tests. Intelligence is a very controversial. It is seen as an obsession in daily life and focuses on certain types of intelligence. Francis Galton was the first person to design a mental test. Galton believed that an individuals mental ability could be determined through the deviation of their performance on a simple test to the mean. He believed that the greater a persons sensory perception the more intelligence they had. However, Galton never produced a theory about intelligence testing, but paved the way for other psychologists to produce theories and tests.Spearmans (1904) theory suggested that intelligence was an innate, inherited quality. He suggested that there were two main factors that determined a persons intelligence; these were general intelligence, needed to perform all tasks and specific intelligence, which is needed to perform specific tasks .i.e., most people can drink out of some sort of cup, this needs general intelligence, however, not all people can sing in tune, this is specific intelligence.Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (Simon and Binet, 1905) produced the first form of modern intelligence testing in 1905. We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying assumptions of intelligence tests specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The test had a practical purpose and was used to identify children who may need extra help with their school work. Due to the purpose of the test, the exercises Binet and Simon asked the children to complete were very similar to tasks the children completed within schools, i.e. measures of vocabulary, comprehension of facts and relationships and mathematical and verbal reasoning.The Binet Simon test was later modified and extended by Lewis Terman and his associates at Stanford University where it was translated for use in the United States (Terman 1916, Terman and Merrill, 1937). The test became known as the Stanford-Binet test and is still being used referred to as Intelligence Quotient; (I.Q). the I.Q. score was calculated by comparing the childs chronological age, (which means their age is years and months), with their mental age (which refers to the childs ability to solve problems of certain levels.) i.e if a child could answer questions designed for 8 year olds, but not them designed for 9 year olds, the child would have a mental age of 8.The I.Q test that is now most commonly used is know n as the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children, or the WISC. The most frequently used test used by psychologists is the third revision of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales known as the WISC-III. David Wechsler originally developed the test, which was series of ten different problems that ranged from very easy to extremely difficult; these ten problems were also divided into two subgroups.The verbal scale that involved tasks measuring vocabulary, understanding of similarities between objects and general knowledge. The other subgroup was the performance scale, which involved non-verbal tasks such as arranging pictures in to orders, or copying patterns using coloured blocks. Many psychologists find that this definition of verbal and non-verbal tasks helpful as different between the two skills can identify particular kinds of learning difficulties, i.e. dyslexia.However, ever since the I.Q tests were introduced there have been criticisms about them. Before 1937, the mean score of wom en using the Stanford-Binet test was on average ten points lower than the average score for men. Although at first it was generally suggested that this was because women were not as intelligent as men, it was later suggested that the questions were more directed towards male dominated areas of questioning than women, for example relating questions in terms of cars, card games, mechanics, etc. which at the time was made oriented. Therefore, it was decided to eliminate this discrepancy by modifying the questions to ensure that both males and females would archive around the same average score.According to Heather, (1976) this makes the test less efficient because there may be a natural difference between the intelligence levels of men and women through out different points of history, however, by using the new these differences may not be picked up. For example if the I.Q scores were not created to produce approximately the same scores for both males and females we may be able to see why females are currently doing better academically than males.Therefore, this could limit the efficiency of I.Q testing through either historically suggesting that women were inferior to men through their lower I.Q. scores, or through influencing the tests to create equal results for both males and females. It is difficult to say whether the tests were gender bias or whether the psychologists behind the changes to the tests did this to provide unbiased results through positive discrimination towards women.Another criticism of the I.Q. tests that there is an average 10-15 point difference between the White European average and the Afro- Caribbean average, (Brody, (1992) Fagan Singer (1983) Peoples, Fagan Drotar, 1995); (Neisser et al 1996) Heather, (1976) suggests that this difference can be reduced through changing the questions to suit a more mixed ethnic group of participants. However, it was suggested that this would affect the tests Predictive Validity. By changing the tests to reduce the racial differences, but without changing the social inequalities within our society would only create a more ineffective test. In order to reduce the ethnic I.Q. score difference, society must first change their attitudes towards other cultures, especially within education/ training and jobs.How ever, Jensen, (1969) published an article called How much can we boost I.Q. and schooling achievement? within which he made a controversial suggestion that Genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average negro-white intelligence differences. The preponderance of the evidence is, in my opinion, less consistent with a strictly environmental hypothesis than with a genetic hypothesisOther psychologists including Eysenck (1971) and Herrnstein (1971) agree with Jensn. Jensen suggests that 80% of the difference between blacks and whites is due to the blacks genetic inferiority and 20% due to environmental factors. However, Jensen does not have the biological evidence to back up his claim; he also used a bias sample to carry out his study that was a mainly white population.